1.Wong, L. K., Global burden of intracranial atherosclerosis. Int J Stroke, 2006. 1(3): p. 158–9.
2.Mak, W., et al., A possible explanation for the racial difference in distribution of large-arterial cerebrovascular disease: ancestral European settlers evolved genetic resistance to atherosclerosis, but confined to the intracranial arteries. Med Hypotheses, 2005. 65(4): p. 637–48.
3.Wang, Y., et al., Prevalence and outcomes of symptomatic intracranial large artery stenoses and occlusions in China: the Chinese Intracranial Atherosclerosis (CICAS) Study. Stroke, 2014. 45(3): p. 663–9.
4.Meschia, J. F., Ischaemic stroke: one or several complex genetic disorders? Lancet Neurol, 2003. 2(8): p. 459.
5.Kim, D. E., et al., Associations of cigarette smoking with intracranial atherosclerosis in the patients with acute ischemic stroke. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2012. 114(9): p. 1243–7.
6.Bang, O. Y., et al., Association of the metabolic syndrome with intracranial atherosclerotic stroke. Neurology, 2005. 65(2): p. 296–8.
7.Rincon, F., et al., Incidence and risk factors of intracranial atherosclerotic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2009. 28(1): p. 65–71.
8.Suri, M. F. and S. C. Johnston, Epidemiology of intracranial stenosis. J Neuroimaging, 2009. 19 Suppl 1: p. 11s–6s.
9.Arenillas, J. F., et al., C-reactive protein gene C1444T polymorphism and risk of recurrent ischemic events in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherostenoses. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2009. 28(1): p. 95–102.
10.Miyawaki, S., et al., Identification of a genetic variant common to moyamoya disease and intracranial major artery stenosis/occlusion. Stroke, 2012. 43(12): p. 3371–4.
11.Munshi, A., et al., Association of LPL gene variant and LDL, HDL, VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels with ischemic stroke and its subtypes. J Neurol Sci, 2012. 318(1–2): p. 51–4.
12.Qu, Y., et al., Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 polymorphism as a protective factor for intracranial vascular stenosis in ischemic stroke in Han Chinese. Int J Neurosci, 2016. 126(4): p. 342–7.
13.Bang, O. Y., et al., A Polymorphism in RNF213 Is a Susceptibility Gene for Intracranial Atherosclerosis. PLoS One, 2016. 11(6): p. e0156607.
14.Abboud, S., et al., Associations of apolipoprotein E gene with ischemic stroke and intracranial atherosclerosis. Eur J Hum Genet, 2008. 16(8): p. 955–60.
15.Li, X., et al., Association of imaging classification of intracranial cerebral atherosclerotic vascular stenosis in ischemic stroke and renalase gene polymorphisms. J Mol Neurosci, 2014. 52(4): p. 461–6.
16.Zhang, T., et al., Genetic analysis of RNF213 p.R4810K variant in non-moyamoya intracranial artery stenosis/occlusion disease in a Chinese population. Environ Health Prev Med, 2017. 22(1): p. 41.
17.Adams, R. J., et al., Coronary risk evaluation in patients with transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Circulation, 2003. 108(10): p. 1278–90.
18.Dichgans, M., et al., Shared genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease: a genome-wide analysis of common variants. Stroke, 2014. 45(1): p. 24–36.
19.Traylor, M., et al., Genetic risk factors for ischaemic stroke and its subtypes (the METASTROKE collaboration): a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet Neurol, 2012. 11(11): p. 951–62.
20.Su, Z. G., et al., Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the lipoprotein lipase gene associated with coronary heart disease in Chinese. Eur J Pharmacol, 2002. 454(1): p. 9–18.
21.Zhang, L. L., et al., Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) polymorphism gene and coronary artery disease risk: a meta-analysis. Genet Mol Res, 2015. 14(4): p. 18503–14.
22.Yoon, Y. E., et al., Incidence of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in patients with suspected embolic stroke using cardiac computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2011. 27(7): p. 1035–44.
23.Hoshino, A., et al., Prevalence of coronary artery disease in Japanese patients with cerebral infarction: impact of metabolic syndrome and intracranial large artery atherosclerosis. Circ J, 2008. 72(3): p. 404–8.
24.Duan, X., et al., Detection of platelet microRNA expression in patients with diabetes mellitus with or without ischemic stroke. J Diabetes Complications, 2014. 28(5): p. 705–10.
25.Zhou, J., et al., Association of BSG genetic polymorphisms with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction in the Han Chinese population. Int J Neurosci, 2014. 124(10): p. 734–40.
26.Yuan, M., et al., Association of PTEN genetic polymorphisms with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction in the Han Chinese population. J Clin Neurosci, 2012. 19(12): p. 1641–5.
27.Samuels, O. B., et al., A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2000. 21(4): p. 643–6.
28.Adams, H. P., Jr., et al., Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke, 1993. 24(1): p. 35–41.
29.Arenillas, J. F. and J. Alvarez-Sabin, Basic mechanisms in intracranial large-artery atherosclerosis: advances and challenges. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2005. 20 Suppl 2: p. 75–83.
30.Ritz, K., et al., Cause and mechanisms of intracranial atherosclerosis. Circulation, 2014. 130(16): p. 1407–14.
31.Gonzalez, N. R., et al., Intracranial arterial stenoses: current viewpoints, novel approaches, and surgical perspectives. Neurosurg Rev, 2013. 36(2): p. 175–84; discussion 184–5.
32.Yu, F., et al., Correlation of Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Endostatin Levels with Symptomatic Intra- and Extracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis in a Chinese Han Population. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2017. 26(5): p. 1061–1070.
33.Utermann, G., The mysteries of lipoprotein(a). Science, 1989. 246(4932): p. 904–10.
34.Kamstrup, P. R., Lipoprotein(a) and ischemic heart disease—a causal association? A review. Atherosclerosis, 2010. 211(1): p. 15–23.
35.Deb, A. and N. M. Caplice, Lipoprotein(a): new insights into mechanisms of atherogenesis and thrombosis. Clin Cardiol, 2004. 27(5): p. 258–64.
36.Kathiresan, S., et al., Common variants at 30 loci contribute to polygenic dyslipidemia. Nat Genet, 2009. 41(1): p. 56–65.
37.Grainger, D. J., et al., Activation of transforming growth factor-beta is inhibited in transgenic apolipoprotein(a) mice. Nature, 1994. 370(6489): p. 460–2.
38.Caplice, N. M., et al., Lipoprotein (a) binds and inactivates tissue factor pathway inhibitor: a novel link between lipoproteins and thrombosis. Blood, 2001. 98(10): p. 2980–7.
39.Tsimikas, S., et al., Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med, 2005. 353(1): p. 46–57.
40.Schlaich, M. P., et al., Does lipoprotein(a) impair endothelial function? J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998. 31(2): p. 359–65.
41.Arenillas, J. F., et al., Progression of symptomatic intracranial large artery atherosclerosis is associated with a proinflammatory state and impaired fibrinolysis. Stroke, 2008. 39(5): p. 1456–63.
42.Ovbiagele, B., et al., Impact of metabolic syndrome on prognosis of symptomatic intracranial atherostenosis. Neurology, 2006. 66(9): p. 1344–9.
43.Arenillas, J. F., et al., High lipoprotein (a), diabetes, and the extent of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. Neurology, 2004. 63(1): p. 27–32.
44.Kim, B. S., et al., Elevated serum lipoprotein(a) as a potential predictor for combined intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis in patients with ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis, 2010. 212(2): p. 682–8.
45.McCormick, S. P., Lipoprotein(a): biology and clinical importance. Clin Biochem Rev, 2004. 25(1): p. 69–80.
46.Lee, S. R., et al., LPA Gene, Ethnicity, and Cardiovascular Events. Circulation, 2017. 135(3): p. 251–263.
47.Clarke, R., et al., Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease. N Engl J Med, 2009. 361(26): p. 2518–28.
48.Kamstrup, P. R. and B. G. Nordestgaard, Elevated Lipoprotein(a) Levels, LPA Risk Genotypes, and Increased Risk of Heart Failure in the General Population. JACC Heart Fail, 2016. 4(1): p. 78–87.
49.Helgadottir, A., et al., Apolipoprotein(a) genetic sequence variants associated with systemic atherosclerosis and coronary atherosclerotic burden but not with venous thromboembolism. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012. 60(8): p. 722–9.
50.Chen, H. Y., et al., Association of LPA Variants With Aortic Stenosis: A Large-Scale Study Using Diagnostic and Procedural Codes From Electronic Health Records. JAMA Cardiol, 2018. 3(1): p. 18–23.
51.Koch, W., et al., Two rare variants explain association with acute myocardial infarction in an extended genomic region including the apolipoprotein(A) gene. Ann Hum Genet, 2013. 77(1): p. 47–55.
52.Erdmann, J., et al., New susceptibility locus for coronary artery disease on chromosome 3q22.3. Nat Genet, 2009. 41(3): p. 280–2.
53.Yoshikawa, Y., et al., The M-Ras-RA-GEF–2-Rap1 pathway mediates tumor necrosis factor-alpha dependent regulation of integrin activation in splenocytes. Mol Biol Cell, 2007. 18(8): p. 2949–59.
54.Galkina, E. and K. Ley, Vascular adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2007. 27(11): p. 2292–301.
55.O’Donnell, C. J., et al., Genome-wide association study for coronary artery calcification with follow-up in myocardial infarction. Circulation, 2011. 124(25): p. 2855–64.
56.Schunkert, H., et al., Large-scale association analysis identifies 13 new susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet, 2011. 43(4): p. 333–8.
57.Haas, U., G. Sczakiel, and S. D. Laufer, MicroRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression is affected by disease-associated SNPs within the 3’-UTR via altered RNA structure. RNA Biol, 2012. 9(6): p. 924–37.
58.Liu, H., et al., MRAS Genetic Variation Is Associated with Atherothrombotic Stroke in the Han Chinese Population. J Clin Neurol, 2013. 9(4): p. 223–30.