Background
The coral holobiont is comprised of a highly diverse microbial community that provides key services to corals such as protection against pathogens and nutrient cycling. The coral surface mucus layer (SML) microbiome is very sensitive to external changes and tied to ecosystem functioning, as it constitutes the direct interface between the coral host and the environment. The functional profile of microbial genes in the coral SML is underexplored and the use of shotgun metagenomics is relatively rare among coral microbiome studies. Here we investigate whether the bacterial taxonomic and functional profiles in the coral SML are shaped by the local reef zone and explore their role in coral health and ecosystem functioning.
Results
The analysis was conducted using metagenomes and metagenome assemble genomes (MAGs) associated with the coral Pseudodiploria strigosa and the water column from two naturally distinct reef environments in Bermuda: inner patch reefs exposed to a fluctuating thermal regime and the more stable outer reefs . Our results showed that the microbial community structure is simultaneously selected by the host medium (i.e., coral SML versus water) and the local environment (i.e., inner reefs versus outer reefs), both at taxonomic and functional levels. The coral SML microbiome from inner reefs provides more gene functions that are involved in nutrient cycling (e.g., photosynthesis, phosphorus metabolism, sulfur assimilation) and that are related to higher levels of microbial activity, competition, and stress response, such as dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) breakdown. In contrast, the coral SML microbiome from outer reefs contained genes indicative of a carbohydrate-rich mucus composition found in corals exposed to less stressful temperatures and showed high proportions of microbial gene functions that play a potential role in coral disease, such as degradation of lignin-derived compounds and sulfur oxidation.
Conclusion
The fluctuating environment in the inner patch reefs of Bermuda could be driving a more beneficial coral SML microbiome; potentially increasing holobiont resilience to environmental changes and disease. Our results reveal microbial taxa and functions selected at reef scale in the coral SML microbiome that can leverage disease management, microbiome engineering, and microbial eco-evolutionary theories.