Longitudinal studies
|
Daviera et al., 2019 [32]
|
Country: USA
City: Chicago
|
N = 314
• Age
Average 16.17 (SD 0.79)
|
• Crime statistics
• Subtypes:
Trait anxiety
|
Pervasive CVE:
• Home-based x school-based CVE x anxiety: β = − 0.69 ( SE 0.33)*
Spatially proximate CVE:
• Most distal CVE x anxiety: β = -0.01 (SE 0.05)
• Most proximal CVE x anxiety: β = -0.19 (SE 0.21)
Chronic CVE:
• Long-term CVE x anxiety: β = -0,017 (SE 0.064)
• Mid-term CVE x anxiety: β = -0.031 (SE 0.070)
• Short-term CVE x anxiety: β = − 0.066 (SE 0.044)
|
Elsaesser et al., 2018 [33]
|
Country: USA
City: Chicago
|
N = 246
• Age Average 14.8 (SD 1.2)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depression
|
• Victim of CV x depression (longitudinal): β = − 0.03 (SE NI) *
• Witness of CV x depression (longitudinal): β = 0.14 (SE NI)
• Victim of CV x depression (cross-sectional): β = 0.14 (SE NI) *
• Witness of CV x depression (cross-sectional): β = 0.08 (SE NI)
|
Eisman et al., 2015 [34]
|
Country: USA
City: Flint
|
N = 824
• Age Average 14.86 (SD 0.64)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: depressive symptoms
|
• Exposure to CV x depressive symptoms: β = 0.03 (SE 0.02) *
|
Farrell et al., 1997 [35]
|
Country: USA
City: Richmond
|
N = 436
• Age Average 11.7 (SD 0.6)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
Emotional distress
|
• Exposure to CV x emotional distress (male): β = 0 (SE NI)
• Exposure to CV x emotional distress (female): β = 0.07 (SE NI)
|
Gepty et al., 2019 [36]
|
Country: USA
City: Philadelphia
|
N = 309
• Age
Average 12.9 (SD 0.61)
|
• Crime statistics
• Subtypes:
Depression
|
• CV x rumination x depression: β = 0,0004 (SE NI) *
• No CV x rumination x depression: β = -0.0001 (SE NI)
• Violent crime x rumination x depressive symptoms: β = 0.0002 (SE 0.00)*
•Non-violent crime x rumination x depressive symptoms: β = 0.00(SE 0.00)
|
Kohl et al., 2015 [37]
|
Country: USA
City: Chicago
|
N = 320
• Age Average 11.65 (SD 0.7)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depression
|
• Exposure to CV 6th grade x Depression 7th grade: β = 0.15 (SE NI) *
• Exposure to CV 7th grade x Depression 8th grade: β = 0.21 (SE NI) *
|
Authors and year of publication
|
Country and city
|
Sample characteristics (Number and age of participants)
|
Types of CV exposure and outcome
|
Association measure, confidence interval or standard error, P value
|
Lambert et al., 2008 [38]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 473
• Age Average 11.77 (SD 0.35)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depression
|
• Exposure to CV x depression (male): β = 0.20 (SE NI) *
• Exposure to CV x depression (female): β = 0.20 (SE NI) *
|
Latzman et al., 2005 [39]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 8939
• Age Average 15.18 (SD 1.6)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depression
|
• Exposure to CV x depression: β = 0.02 (SE 0.03) *
|
McKelvey et al., 2015 [40]
|
Country: USA
City: Boston
|
N = 473
• Age Average 18 (SD NI)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
Internalizing symptoms
|
• CV x internalizing symptoms: β = 0.02 (SE 0.01)
• CV x Gender x internalizing symptoms: β = − 0.03 (SE 0.01)
• CV x Gender x cohesion x internalizing symptoms: β = 0.11 (SE 0.01) *
|
Mrug et al., 2010[41]
|
Country: USA
City: Birmingham
|
N = 603
• Age Average 13.20 (SD 0.9)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depression
Anxiety
|
• Victim of CV x depression: β = 0.01 (SE NI)
• Witness of CV x depression: β = 0.6 (SE NI)
• Victim of CV x anxiety: β = 0.01 (SE NI)
• Witness community x anxiety: β = 0.06 (SE NI)
|
Ozer et al., 2005 [42]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 73
• Age Not specified numerically (7th -8th grade)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depression Anxiety
Intrusive symptoms
|
• Exposure to CV x anxiety: β = 0.31 (SE NI)*
• Exposure to CV x intrusive symptoms: β = 0.34 (SE NI)*
• Exposure to CV x depression: β = 0.12 (SE NI)
|
Sun et al., 2020 [43]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 85
• Age
Average 15.55 (SD 1)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
PTSD
|
• CV x PTSD: β = 0.34 (IC 0.16–0.52)*
• CV x emotional regulation (internal disfunctional): β = 0.2 (IC 0.06–0.35)*
• CV x emotional regulation (external functional): β = 0.05 (IC -0.12–0.22)
• CV x emotional regulation (internal functional): β = 0.09 (IC -0.05–0.24)
• CV x emotional regulation (external disfunctional): β = 0.11 (IC -0.06–0.27)
|
Cross-sectional study
|
Aisenberg et al., 2008 [44]
|
Country: USA
City: Los Angeles
|
N = 137
• Age Average 12.41 (SD 0.79)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: PTSD
|
• Exposure to CV x PTSD: β = 4.41 (SE 2.81)
|
Bacchini et al., 2011 [45]
|
Country: Italy
City: Nápoles
|
N = 489
• Age Average 17.53 (SD 1.24)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Anxiety Depression
|
• Victim of CV x anxiety/depression: β = 0.25 (SE NI) *
• Victim of CV x gender x anxiety/depression: β = 0.15 (SE NI) *
• Witness of CV x anxiety/depression: β = 0.8 (SE NI)
• Witness of CV x parental monitoring x anxiety/depression: β = − 0.13 (SE NI) *
|
Authors and year of publication
|
Country and city
|
Sample characteristics (Number and age of participants)
|
Types of CV exposure and outcome
|
Association measure, confidence interval or standard error, P value
|
Campo-Ríos et al., 2020 [46]
|
Country: Mexico
City: Ciudad Juárez
|
N = 298
• Age Average 19.28 (SD 0.5)
|
• Contextual violence in neighborhood (heard about). Victim and witness not measured
• Subtypes:
PTSD
|
• CV x PTSD x female: β = 0.14 (SE NI)*
• CV x PTSD x male: β = 0.12 (SE NI)*
• CV x PTSD: β = 0.14 (SE NI)*
|
Cecil et al., 2014 [47]
|
Country: England
City: London
|
N = 204
• Age Average 18.85 (SD 2.27)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: PTSD Internalizing symptoms
|
• Exposure to CV x internalizing problems: β = 0,01 (IC -0.21–0.56)
• Exposure to CV x PTSD: β = 0.10 (IC 0.04–0.17) *
|
Chen et al., 2020 [48]
|
Country: USA
City: Chicago
|
N = 2621
• Age
Average 12.47 (SD 0.98)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
Depression
|
• Latinx x CVE x depression: β = 0.48 (SE 0.07)*
• Black x CVE x depression: β = 0.50 (SE 0.08)*
• White x CVE x depression: β = 0.77 (SE 0.06)*
|
Cuartas et al., 2019 [49]
|
Country: Colombia
City: Bogotá
|
N = 300
• Age Average 14.52 (SD 1.72)
|
• Crime statistics
• Subtypes:
Common mental disorders
PTSD
|
• CV (homicide rates) x CMD: β = 0.17 (SE 0.06)*
• CV (homicide rate) x perceived the neighborhood as insecure x CMD:
β = 0.23 (SE 0,07)*
• CV (homicide rate) x perceived the neighborhood as safe x CMD:
β = − 0.24 (0.13)
• CV (homicide rates) x PTSD: β = 0.14 (SE 0.06)*
• CV (homicide rates) x poverty x PTSD: β = 0.55 (SE 0.13)*
• CV (homicide rates) x victim of crime x PTSD: β = 0.45 (SE 0.12)*
• CV (homicide rates) x perceived neighborhood as insecure x PTSD:
β = 0.20 (SE 0,07)*
• CV (homicide rates) x perceived neighborhood as safe x PTSD:
β = − 0,19 (SE 0,10)*
|
Darawshy et al., 2018 [50]
|
Country: Israel
|
N = 760
• Age Average 16.1 (SD 1.27)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Internalizing symptoms
|
• Exposure to CV x internalizing symptoms: β = 1.74 (SE 0.28) *
|
Authors and year of publication
|
Country and city
|
Sample characteristics (Number and age of participants)
|
Types of CV exposure and outcome
|
Association measure, confidence interval or standard error, P value
|
Donernberg et al., 2020 [51]
|
Country: South Africa
|
N = 120
• Age
Average 14.39 (SD 1.82)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
Internalising symptoms
|
• WCV x int symptoms x girls: β = -0.06 (SE 0.14)
• WCV x int symptoms x boys: β = -0.03 (SE 0.14)
|
Ford et al., 2010 [52]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 4023
•Age 12–17 years (SD NI)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depression PTSD
|
• Victim of CV x PTSD: OR = 5.58 (IC 3.29–9.45) *
• Victim of CV x depression: OR = 2.61 (IC 1.64–4.16) *
• Witness of CV x PTSD: OR = 3.64 (IC 2.35–5.64) *
• Witness of CV x depression: OR = 2.55 (IC 1.80–3.61) *
|
Foster et al., 2004 [53]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 146
• Age Average 13.16 (SD 1.01)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depression Anxiety PTSD
|
• Victim of CV x anxiety: β = 0.31 (SE NI) *
• Victim of CV x depression: β = 0.14 (SE NI) *
• Victim of CV x PTSD: β = 0.33 (SE NI) *
|
Goldman-Mellor et al., 2016 [54]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 4462.
• Age Average 14.6 (SD 0.22)
|
• Crime statistics
• Subtype: Psychological distress / depression and anxiety symptoms
|
• Exposure to CV x psychological distress / depression and anxiety symptoms: OR = 1.41 (IC 0.6–3.32)
|
Grinshteyn et al., 2018 [55]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 5519
• Age Maximum age: 18
Minimum age: 11
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Crime statistics
• Subtypes: Depressive symptoms Internalizing symptoms
|
• Victim of CV (violent crime) x depressive symptoms: β = 5.13 (SE NI)*
• Seeing/knowing victim of CV (violent crime) x depressive symptoms: β = 3.46 (SE NI) *
• Witness of CV (violent crime) x depressive symptoms: β = 2.09 (SE NI)*
• Increased of 1 crime/ 1000 people x depressive symptoms: β = 0.06 (SE NI) *
|
Haj-Yahia et al., 2021 [56]
|
Country: Israel
City:Jerusalem
|
N = 1930
• Age
Average 16.36 (SD 1.04)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
Internalized problems
|
• WCV x int.problems: β = 0.17 (SE NI)*
• VCV x int.problems: β = − 0.04 (SE NI)
• WCV x feminine gender x int.problems: β = − 0.09 (SE NI)
• VCV x feminine gender x int, problems: β = 0.25 (SE NI)*
• WCV x family support x int. problems: β = 0 (SE NI)
• VCV x fam sup x int problems: β = 0 (SE NI)
|
Henry et al.,2015 [57]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 106
• Age Average 15.41 (14–17)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depressive symptoms
|
• Exposure to CV x depressive symptoms: β = 0.23 (SE 0.07) *
• CVE x cultural appreciation of legacy x depressive symptoms: β = − 0.11 (SE 0.3) *
|
Authors and year of publication
|
Country and city
|
Sample characteristics (Number and age of participants)
|
Types of CV exposure and outcome
|
Association measure, confidence interval or standard error, P value
|
Ho et al., 2010 [58]
|
Country: China
City: Hong Kong
|
N = 405
• Age Average 13.59 (SD 1.43)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Emotional problems
|
• Witness of CV x emotional problems: β = − 0.09 (SE NI)
• Victim of CV x emotional problems: β = 0.17 (SE NI) *
|
Howard et al., 2010 [59]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 174
• Age 9th grade
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
Anxiety/Stress
|
•Exposure to CV x distress symptoms: β = 0.35 (SE NI) *
•Exposure to CV x family support x distress symptoms: β = − 0.27 (SE NI)*
|
Kaminer et al., 2013 [60]
|
Country: South Africa
City: Cabo’s city
|
N = 230
• Age Average 17.45 (SD 1.59)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: PTSD
|
• Victim of CV x PTSD: β = 0.77 (SE 0.28) *
• Victim of CV x PTSD (girls): β = 0.88 (SE 0.33) *
• Witness of CV x PTSD: β = 0.13 (SE 0.12)
• Witness of CV x PTSD (girls): β = 0.04 (SE 0,15)
|
Klodnick et al., 2014 [61]
|
Country: Israel
|
N = 1571
• Age Average 16.26 (SD 1.05)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: PTSD
|
• Victim of CV x PTSD: β = 4.91 (SE 0.49) *
• Witness of CV x PTSD: β = 1.86 (SE 0.28) *
• Ethnicity x CVE x PTSD: β = − 0.99 (SE 0.85)
|
Lätsch et al., 2016 [62]
|
Country: Switzerland
|
N = 6749
• Age Average 15.5 (14–17)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
Emotional symptoms
|
• Exposure to CV x emotional symptoms: β = 0.16 (SE NI) *
|
Leblanc et al., 2011 [26]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 90
• Age Average 16.4 (SD 1.37)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
Psychological distress
|
• Exposure to CV x Psychological distress: β = 0.02 (SE NI)
• Exposure to CV x Problem solving ability of adolescents x Psychological distress: β = 0.43 (SE NI)*
|
Mendelson et al., 2010 [63]
|
Country: USA
City: Baltimore
|
N = 629
• Age Average 18.7 (SD 1.77)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtype: Depressive symptoms
|
• Exposure to CV x depressive symptoms: OR = 2.27 (IC 1.57–3.29)*
|
O’Donnell et al., 2011 [64]
|
Country: Republic of the Gambia
|
N = 653
• Age Average 17.76 (SD 1.53)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: TEPT
|
• Witness of CV x PTSD: β = 0.18 (SE 0.10)*
• Witness of CV x school climate x PTSD: β = − 0.10 (SE 0.04)*
• Victim of CV x PTSD: β = 0.12 (SE 0.13) *
• Victim of CV x school climate x PTSD: β = 0.12 (SE 0.5)*
|
Authors and year of publication
|
Country and city
|
Sample characteristics (Number and age of participants)
|
Types of CV exposure and outcome
|
Association measure, confidence interval or standard error, P value
|
O’Leary et al., 2020 [65]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 196
• Age
Average 12.41 (SD 1.14)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
PTSD
depression
|
• CVE x PTSD: β = 0.4 (SE 0.07)*
• CVE x cognitive reappraisal x PTSD: β = − 0.1 (SE 0.1)
• CVE x expressive suppression x PTSD: β = 0.4 (SE 0.07)
• CVE x depression: β = 0.33 (SE 0.04)*
• CVE x cognitive reappraisal x depression: β = − 0.08 (SE 0.05)
• CVE x expressive suppression x depression: β = 0.14 (SE 0.04)*
•Gender was tested as modifier and was not significant.
|
Ozer et al., 2004 [66]
|
Country: USA
City: California
|
N = 349
• Age Median 12 (SD NI)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depressive symptoms PTSD
|
• Exposure to CV x depressive symptoms: β = 0.11 (SE NI)*
• Exposure to CV x PTSD: β = 0.19 (SE NI)*
|
Plessis et al., 2015 [67]
|
Country: South Africa
City: Cabo’s city
|
N = 616
• Age Average 12.8 (SD 0.74)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: Depression
|
•CV witnessing x depression: β = 0.02 (SE 0.04)
•CV victimization x depression: β = 0.07 (SE 0.14)
|
Sargent et al., 2019 [68]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 403
• Age
Average 12.63 (SD 0.99)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes:
Depression
PTSD
Anxiety
|
• VCV x depression: β = 0.49 (SE NI)*
• WCV x depressiom: β = 0.31 (SE NI)*
• VCV x anxiety: β = 0.54 (SE NI)*
• WCV x anxiety: β = 0.50 (SE NI)*
• VCV x PTSD: β = 0.61 (SE NI)*
• WCV x PTSD: β = 0.53 (SE NI)*
|
Shukla et al., 2015 [69]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 233
• Age Average 17 (SD 0.62)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtype: Depression
|
• Witness of CV x depression: β = 0.03 (SE 0.15)
• Victim of CV x depression: β = − 0.04 (SE 0.27)
|
Sue Boney-Mccoy et al., 1995 [70]
|
Country: USA
|
N = 2000
• Age Average 8 (10–16)
|
• Not classified into victim and witness
• Subtypes: PTSD Sadness
|
• Aggravated assault x PTSD (female): β = 0.42 (SE 2.81) *
• Simple assault x PTSD (female): β = 0.20 (SE NI)
• Attempt kidnapping x PTSD (female): β = 0.51 (SE NI)*
• Aggravated assault x PTSD (male): β = 0.36 (SE NI)*
• Simple assault x PTSD (male): β = 0.12 (SE NI)
• Attempt kidnapping x PTSD (male): Β = 0.035 (SE NI)*
|
Sui et al., 2018 [71]
|
Country: South Africa
|
N = 1574
• Age Average = 16 (12–22)
|
• Classified into victim and witness
• Subtype: Depression
|
• Witness of CV x depression: β = 0.03 (SE 0.15)
• VCV x depression: β = − 0.04 (SE 0.27)
|
Authors and year of publication
|
Country and city
|
Sample characteristics (Number and age of participants)
|
Types of CV exposure and outcome
|
Association measure, confidence interval or standard error, P value
|
Velez- Gomez et al., 2013 [72]
|
Country: Colombia
City: Medelin
|
N = 289
• Age Average 10.17 (SD 1.25)
|
• Crime statistics
• Subtypes: Negative mood Interpersonal problems Ineffectiveness Negative self-esteem
|
• Exposure to CV x ineffectiveness: β = 0.21 (SE NI) *
|
Abbreviations: USA: United States of America; SD = standard deviation; β: Beta; OR: Odds ratio; CV: Community violence; PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder; SE: Standard error; NI: not informed; *: p < 0.05.
|