[1] C.C. Mok, C.S. Lau, R.W.J.B.J.o.R. Wong, Risk factors for avascular bone necrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:895.
[2] L.K. So, A.C. Lau, L.Y. Yam, T.M. Cheung, E. Poon, R.W. Yung, et al. Development of a standard treatment protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361:1615-7.
[3] X.H. Xie, X.L. Wang, H.L. Yang, D.W. Zhao, L. Qin, Steroid-associated osteonecrosis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, animal model, prevention, and potential treatments (an overview). J Orthop Translat. 2015;3:58-70.
[4] M. Moriya, K. Uchiyama, N. Takahira, K. Fukushima, T. Yamamoto, K. Hoshi, et al. Evaluation of bipolar hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Int Orthop. 2012;36:2041-7.
[5] W.A. Rahman, D.S. Garbuz, B.A. Masri, Total hip arthroplasty in steroid-induced osteonecrosis: early functional and radiological outcomes. Can J Surg. 2013;56:41-6.
[6] T. Mikami, T. Ichiseki, A. Kaneuji, Y. Ueda, T. Sugimori, K. Fukui, et al. Prevention of steroid-induced osteonecrosis by intravenous administration of vitamin E in a rabbit model, J Orthop Sci. 2010;15:674-7.
[7] C. Wang, X. Wang, X.L. Xu, X.L. Yuan, W.L. Gou, A.Y. Wang, et al. Bone microstructure and regional distribution of osteoblast and osteoclast activity in the osteonecrotic femoral head, PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e96361.
[8] C. Wang, H. Meng, Y. Wang, B. Zhao, C. Zhao, W. Sun, et al. Analysis of early stage osteonecrosis of the human femoral head and the mechanism of femoral head collapse, Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2018;14:156-164.
[9] Y. Assouline-Dayan, C. Chang, A. Greenspan, Y. Shoenfeld, M.E. Gershwin, Pathogenesis and natural history of osteonecrosis, Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;32:94-124.
[10] M.H. Chan, P.K. Chan, J.F. Griffith, I.H. Chan, L.C. Lit, C.K. Wong, et al. Steroid-induced osteonecrosis in severe acute respiratory syndrome: a retrospective analysis of biochemical markers of bone metabolism and corticosteroid therapy, Pathology.2006;38:229-35.
[11] P. Hernigou, A. Poignard, S. Zilber, H. Rouard, Cell therapy of hip osteonecrosis with autologous bone marrow grafting, Indian J Orthop.2009; 43:40-5.
[12] K.A. Lai, W.J. Shen, C.Y. Yang, C.J. Shao, J.T. Hsu, R.M. Lin, The use of alendronate to prevent early collapse of the femoral head in patients with nontraumatic osteonecrosis. A randomized clinical study, J Bone Joint Surg Am.2005;87: 2155-9.
[13] S. Agarwala, D. Jain, V.R. Joshi, A. Sule, Efficacy of alendronate, a bisphosphonate, in the treatment of AVN of the hip. A prospective open-label study, Rheumatology (Oxford).2005;44:352-9.
[14] S.C. Kim, D.H. Kim, H. Mogun, W. Eddings, J.M. Polinski, J.M. Franklin, et al. Impact of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Safety-Related Announcements on the Use of Bisphosphonates After Hip Fracture, J. Bone Miner. Res. 2016;31:1536-40.
[15] C.J. Wotton, J. Green, A. Brown, M.E.G. Armstrong, S. Floud, V. Beral, G.K. Reeves, Use of oral bisphosphonates and risk of hospital admission with osteonecrosis of the jaw: Large prospective cohort study in UK women, Bone. 2019;124:69-74.
[16] W.J. Boyle, W.S. Simonet, D.L. Lacey, Osteoclast differentiation and activation, Nature. 2003;423:337-42.
[17] S. Tanaka, K. Nakamura, N. Takahasi, T. Suda, Role of RANKL in physiological and pathological bone resorption and therapeutics targeting the RANKL-RANK signaling system, Immunol. Rev. 2005;208:30-49.
[18] H. Takayanagi, The role of NFAT in osteoclast formation, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2007;1116:227-37.
[19] R.C. Rickert, J. Jellusova, A.V. Miletic, Signaling by the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily in B-cell biology and disease, Immunol. Rev. 2011;244:115-33.
[20] T. Kubota, M. Hoshino, K. Aoki, K. Ohya, Y. Komano, T. Nanki, et al. NF-kappaB inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin suppresses osteoclastogenesis and expression of NFATc1 in mouse arthritis without affecting expression of RANKL, osteoprotegerin or macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Arthritis Res. Ther. 2007;9:R97.
[21] H. Takayanagi, S. Kim, T. Koga, H. Nishina, M. Isshiki, H. Yoshida, A. Saiura, M. Isobe, et al. Induction and activation of the transcription factor NFATc1 (NFAT2) integrate RANKL signaling in terminal differentiation of osteoclasts, Dev. Cell. 2002; 3:889-901.
[22] B.F. Boyce, Z. Yao, L. Xing, Functions of nuclear factor kappaB in bone, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2010;1192:367-75.
[23] Y. Abu-Amer, NF-κB signaling and bone resorption, Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:2377-86.
[24] J. Pei, L. Fan, K. Nan, J. Li, Z. Shi, X. Dang, et al. Excessive Activation of TLR4/NF-κB Interactively Suppresses the Canonical Wnt/β-catenin Pathway and Induces SANFH in SD Rats, Sci Rep. 2017;7:11928.
[25] Y.A. Yeh, J.H. Chiang, M.Y. Wu, C.H. Tsai, H.C. Hsu, H.C. Hsu, et al. Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapy with Risk of Total Hip Replacement in Patients with Nontraumatic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: A Population-Based Cohort Study, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019; 5870179.
[26] L. Li, H. Liu, W. Shi, H. Liu, J. Yang, D. Xu, et al. Insights into the Action Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Osteoarthritis, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;5190986.
[27] T. Yu, Z. Zhang, L. Xie, X. Ke, Y. Liu, The influence of traditional Chinese medicine constitutions on the potential repair capacity after osteonecrosis of the femoral head, Complement Ther Med. 2016; 29:89-93.
[28] P.E. Wang, L. Zhang, J. Ying, X. Jin, C. Luo, S. Xu, et al. Bushenhuoxue formula attenuates cartilage degeneration in an osteoarthritic mouse model through TGF-β/MMP13 signaling, J Transl Med. 2018;16:72.
[29] L. Qin, G. Zhang, H. Sheng, K.W. Yeung, H.Y. Yeung, C.W. Chan, et al. Multiple bioimaging modalities in evaluation of an experimental osteonecrosis induced by a combination of lipopolysaccharide and methylprednisolone, Bone. 2006;39:863-71.
[30] W.H. Chen, X.Y. Kong, R. Wan, C.S. Xiao, L. Li, Z.Y. Wang, et al. Effects of huogu I formula (I) on correlated factors of bone regeneration in chickens with steroid-induced necrosis of femoral head, Chin J Integr Med. 2012;18:378-84.
[31] T. Yamamoto, T. Irisa, Y. Sugioka, K. Sueishi, Effects of pulse methylprednisolone on bone and marrow tissues: corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis in rabbits, Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:2055-64.
[32] G. Zhang, L. Qin, H. Sheng, K.W. Yeung, H.Y. Yeung, W.H. Cheung, et al. Epimedium-derived phytoestrogen exert beneficial effect on preventing steroid-associated osteonecrosis in rabbits with inhibition of both thrombosis and lipid-deposition, Bone. 2007;40:685-92.
[33] S. Liu, L. Zhu, J. Zhang, J. Yu, X. Cheng, B. Peng, Anti-osteoclastogenic activity of isoliquiritigenin via inhibition of NF-κB-dependent autophagic pathway, Biochem. Pharmacol. 2016;106:82-93.
[34] L.Z. Zheng, H.J. Cao, S.H. Chen, T. Tang, W.M. Fu, L. Huang, et al. Blockage of Src by Specific siRNA as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Prevent Destructive Repair in Steroid-Associated Osteonecrosis in Rabbits, J. Bone Miner. Res. 2015;30:2044-57.
[35] S.L. Teitelbaum, Bone resorption by osteoclasts, Science. 2000;289:1504-8.
[36] L. Xia, Z. Yin, L. Mao, X. Wang, J. Liu, X. Jiang, et al. Akermanite bioceramics promote osteogenesis, angiogenesis and suppress osteoclastogenesis for osteoporotic bone regeneration, Sci Rep. 2016;6:22005.
[37] Y. Jiang, Y. Zhang, W. Chen, C. Liu, X. Li, D. Sun, et al. Achyranthes bidentata extract exerts osteoprotective effects on steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rats by regulating RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling, J Transl Med. 2014;12:334.
[38] L. Zhou, S.J. Yoon, K.Y. Jang, Y.J. Moon, S. Wagle, K.B. Lee, et al. COMP-angiopoietin1 potentiates the effects of bone morphogenic protein-2 on ischemic necrosis of the femoral head in rats, PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e110593.
[39] C. Wang, J. Peng, S. Lu, Summary of the various treatments for osteonecrosis of the femoral head by mechanism: A review, Exp Ther Med. 2014; 8:700-706.
[40] M.A. Kerachian, C. Séguin, E.J. Harvey, Glucocorticoids in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a new understanding of the mechanisms of action, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2009;114:121-8.
[41] J.G. Hofstaetter, J. Wang, J. Yan, M.J. Glimcher, The effects of alendronate in the treatment of experimental osteonecrosis of the hip in adult rabbits, Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2009;17:362-70.
[42] S. Vaira, M. Alhawagri, I. Anwisye, H. Kitaura, R. Faccio, D.V. Novack, RelA/p65 promotes osteoclast differentiation by blocking a RANKL-induced apoptotic JNK pathway in mice, J. Clin. Invest. 2008;118:2088-97.
[43] T.N. Crotti, S.M. Sharma, J.D. Fleming, M.R. Flannery, M.C. Ostrowski, S.R. Goldring, et al. PU.1 and NFATc1 mediate osteoclastic induction of the mouse beta3 integrin promoter, J. Cell. Physiol. 2008;215:636-44.
[44] J.H. Kim, N. Kim, Regulation of NFATc1 in Osteoclast Differentiation, J Bone Metab. 2014;21:233-41.
[45] B.F. Boyce, Y. Xiu, J. Li, L. Xing, Z. Yao, NF-κB-Mediated Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis, Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2015;30:35-44.
[46] C. Dou, Y. Chen, N. Ding, N. Li, H. Jiang, C. Zhao, et al. Xanthotoxin prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice through the inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, Osteoporos Int. 2016;27:2335-2344.