1. Adhikari, N.K.J., Fowler, R.A., Bhagwanjee, S.Rubenfeld, G.D. Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults. The Lancet 2010;376(9749):1339-46.
2. Verrier, R.L.Tan, A. Heart rate, autonomic markers, and cardiac mortality. Heart Rhythm 2009;6(11 Suppl):S68-75.
3. Fox, K.M.Ferrari, R. Heart rate: a forgotten link in coronary artery disease? Nat Rev Cardiol 2011;8(7):369-79.
4. Caetano, J.Delgado Alves, J. Heart rate and cardiovascular protection. Eur J Intern Med 2015;26(4):217-22.
5. Sander, O., Welters, I.D., Foëx, P.Sear, J.W. Impact of prolonged elevated heart rate on incidence of major cardiac events in critically ill patients with a high risk of cardiac complications*. Critical Care Medicine 2005;33(1):81-8.
6. Zimmerman, J.E., Kramer, A.A., McNair, D.S.Malila, F.M. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: hospital mortality assessment for today's critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006;34(5):1297-310.
7. Hemphill, J.C., Andrews, P.De Georgia, M. Multimodal monitoring and neurocritical care bioinformatics. Nat Rev Neurol 2011;7(8):451-60.
8. Moheet, A.M., Livesay, S.L., Abdelhak, T., et al. Standards for Neurologic Critical Care Units: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from The Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocritical Care 2018;29(2):145-60.
9. Pollard, T.J., Johnson, A.E.W., Raffa, J.D., et al. The eICU Collaborative Research Database, a freely available multi-center database for critical care research. Sci Data 2018;5:180178.
10. Nelson, L.S. The Anderson-Darling test for normality. Journal of Quality Technology 1998;30(3):298-9.
11. Aladin, A.I., Whelton, S.P., Al-Mallah, M.H., et al. Relation of resting heart rate to risk for all-cause mortality by gender after considering exercise capacity (the Henry Ford exercise testing project). Am J Cardiol 2014;114(11):1701-6.
12. Sharashova, E., Wilsgaard, T., Løchen, M.-L., et al. Resting heart rate trajectories and myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke and death in the general population: The Tromsø Study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2017;24(7):748-59.
13. Saxena, A., Minton, D., Lee, D.C., et al. Protective role of resting heart rate on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88(12):1420-6.
14. Abbott, T.E.F., Minto, G., Lee, A.M., et al. Elevated preoperative heart rate is associated with cardiopulmonary and autonomic impairment in high-risk surgical patients. Br J Anaesth 2017;119(1):87-94.
15. Abbott, T.E., Ackland, G.L., Archbold, R.A., et al. Preoperative heart rate and myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery: results of a predefined secondary analysis of the VISION study. Br J Anaesth 2016;117(2):172-81.
16. Sandfort, V., Johnson, A.E.W., Kunz, L.M., Vargas, J.D.Rosing, D.R. Prolonged Elevated Heart Rate and 90-Day Survival in Acutely Ill Patients: Data From the MIMIC-III Database. J Intensive Care Med 2018:885066618756828.
17. Mahsa Hasanpour Mir, F.Y., Mohammad Abdollahi, Arezoo Ahmadi, Atabak Nadjafi The predictive value of resting heart rate following osmotherapy in brain injury: back to basics. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2012;20:102.
18. Schmidt, J.M., Crimmins, M., Lantigua, H., et al. Prolonged elevated heart rate is a risk factor for adverse cardiac events and poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2014;20(3):390-8.
19. Qiu, M., Sato, S., Zheng, D., et al. Admission Heart Rate Predicts Poor Outcomes in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial Studies. Stroke 2016;47(6):1479-85.
20. Erdur, H., Scheitz, J.F., Grittner, U., et al. Heart rate on admission independently predicts in-hospital mortality in acute ischemic stroke patients. Int J Cardiol 2014;176(1):206-10.
21. Nilsen, K.B., Haram, M., Tangedal, S., Sand, T.Brodtkorb, E. Is elevated pre-ictal heart rate associated with secondary generalization in partial epilepsy? Seizure 2010;19(5):291-5.
22. Whelton, S.P., Narla, V., Blaha, M.J., et al. Association between resting heart rate and inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen) (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Am J Cardiol 2014;113(4):644-9.
23. Whelton, S.P., Blankstein, R., Al-Mallah, M.H., et al. Association of resting heart rate with carotid and aortic arterial stiffness: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2013;62(3):477-84.
24. Moreno, V.a. Clinical review: Scoring systems in the critically ill. Critical Care Medicine 2010;14:207.
25. Keegan, M.T., Gajic, O.Afessa, B.Comparison of APACHE III, APACHE IV, SAPS 3, and MPM0III and influence of resuscitation status on model performance. Chest 2012;142(4):851-8.
26. Morelli, A., Ertmer, C., Westphal, M., et al. Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310(16):1683-91.
27. Alali, A.S., Mukherjee, K., McCredie, V.A., et al. Beta-blockers and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Guideline. Ann Surg 2017;266(6):952-61.
28. London MJ, H.K., Schwartz GG, Henderson WG. Association of perioperative β-blockade with mortality and cardiovascular morbidity following major noncardiac surgery. JAMA 2013;309(16):1704-13.
29. Diringer, M.N.Neurocritical Care Fever Reduction Trial, G. Treatment of fever in the neurologic intensive care unit with a catheter-based heat exchange system. Crit Care Med 2004;32(2):559-64.
30. Grogan, E.L., Norris, P.R., Speroff, T., et al. Volatility: A New Vital Sign Identified Using a Novel Bedside Monitoring Strategy. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 2005;58(1):7-14.
31. Norris, P.R., Ozdas, A., Cao, H., et al. Cardiac uncoupling and heart rate variability stratify ICU patients by mortality: a study of 2088 trauma patients. Ann Surg 2006;243(6):804-12; discussion 12-4.