Ethics approval and consent to participate
An ethics approval was obtained by all participating centers from their Institutional Review Boards (IRB) prior to data acquisition. German privacy regulations do not require individual patient consent for retrospective data acquisition or use. All prospectively enrolled patients gave informed consent.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Data availability
Data can be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.
Competing interests
Harry Magunia
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HM received a speaker’s honorarium from CSL Behring (Germany) outside the submitted work.
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Simone Lederer
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SL has no competing interests to report.
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Raphael Verbuecheln
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RV has no competing interests to report.
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Bryant Joseph Gilot
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BJG has no competing interests to report.
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Michael Koeppen
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MK has no competing interests to report.
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Helene A Haeberle
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HH has no competing interests to report.
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Valbona Mirakaj
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VM has no competing interests to report.
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Pascal Hoffmann
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PH has no competing interests to report.
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Gernot Marx
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GM reports personal fees from Philips Health Care, personal fees from B. Braun, during the conduct of the study; and GM is co-founder of Clinomics GmbH, Germany.
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Johannes Bickenbach
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JB reports personal fees from Biotest AG , Germany, during the conduct of the study.
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Boris Nohe
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BN has no competing interests to report.
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Michael Lay
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ML has no competing interests to report.
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Claudia Spies
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CS reports no conflicts of interests within the submitted manuscript, she reports grants from outside the submitted manuscript from Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA, grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / German Research Society, grants from Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) /German Aerospace Center, grants from Einstein Stiftung Berlin/ Einstein Foundation Berlin, grants from Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss / Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), grants from Inneruniversitäre Forschungsförderung / Inner University Grants, grants from Projektträger im DLR / Project Management Agency, grants from Stifterverband/Non-Profit Society Promoting Science and Education, grants from WHOCC, grants from Baxter Deutschland GmbH, grants from Cytosorbents Europe GmbH, grants from Edwards Lifesciences Germany GmbH, grants from Fresenius Medical Care, grants from Grünenthal GmbH, grants from Masimo Europe Ltd., grants from Pfizer Pharma PFE GmbH, personal fees from Georg Thieme Verlag, grants from Dr. F. Köhler Chemie GmbH, grants from Sintetica GmbH, grants from Stifterverband für die deutsche Wissenschaft e.V. / Philips, grants from Stiftung Charité, grants from AGUETTANT Deutschland GmbH, grants from AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, grants from Amomed Pharma GmbH, grants from InTouch Health, grants from Copra System GmbH, grants from Correvio GmbH, grants from Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., grants from Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin (DGAI, grants from Stifterverband für die deutsche Wissenschaft e.V. / Metronic, grants from Philips ElectronicsNederland BV, grants from BMG, grants from BMBF, grants from BMBF, grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / German Research Society, outside the submitted work; In addition, Dr. Spies has a patent 10 2014 215 211.9 licensed, a patent 10 2018 114 364.8 licensed, a patent 10 2018 110 275.5 licensed, a patent 50 2015 010 534.8 licensed, a patent 50 2015 010 347.7 licensed, and a patent 10 2014 215 212.7 licensed.
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Andreas Edel
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AE has no competing interests to report.
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Fridtjof Schiefenhövel
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FS has no competing interests to report.
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Tim Rahmel
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TR has no competing interests to report.
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Christian Putensen
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CP has no competing interests to report.
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Timur Sellmann
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TS has no competing interests to report.
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Thea Koch
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TK has no competing interests to report.
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Timo Brandenburger
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TBra has no competing interests to report.
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Detlef Kindgen-Milles
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DKM has co competing interests to report.
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Thorsten Brenner
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TBre reports grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Dietmar Hopp Stiftung and Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen, personal fees from CSL Behring GmbH, Schöchl medical education GmbH, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biotest AG, Baxter Deutschland GmbH, Astellas Pharma GmbH, B. Braun Melsungen AG and MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH outside the submitted work.
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Marc Berger
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MB has no competing interests to report.
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Kai Zacharowski
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KZ has no competing interests to report.
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Elisabeth Adam
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EA has no competing interests to report.
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Matthias Posch
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MP has no competing interests to report.
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Onnen Moerer
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OM has no competing interests to report.
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Christian S. Scheer
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CS has no competing interests to report.
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Daniel Sedding
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DS has no competing interests to report.
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Markus A. Weigand
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MW has no competing interests to report.
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Falk Fichtner
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FF has no competing interests to report.
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Carla Nau
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CN has no competing interests to report.
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Florian Prätsch
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FP has no competing interests to report.
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Thomas Wiesmann
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TW reports personal fees from Pajunk, Germany, personal fees from Vygon, Germany, outside the submitted work.
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Christian Koch
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CK has no competing interests to report.
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Gerhard Schneider
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GS has no competing interests to report.
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Tobias Lahmer
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TL has no competing interests to report.
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Andreas Straub
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AS reports personal fees from CSL Behring GmbH (Munich, Germany), personal fees from Schöchl Medical Education GmbH (Mattsee, Austria), personal fees from Aspen Germany GmbH (Munich, Germany), outside the submitted work.
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Andreas Meiser
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AM reports personal fees from Sedana Medical, Danderyd, Sweden, outside the submitted work.
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Manfred Weiss
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MW has no competing interests to report.
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Bettina Jungwirth
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BJ has no competing interests to report.
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Frank Wappler
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FW has no competing interests to report.
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Patrick Meybohm
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PM has no competing interests to report.
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Johannes Herrmann
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JH has no competing interests to report.
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Nisar Malek
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NM has no competing interests to report.
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Oliver Kohlbacher
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OK has no competing interests to report.
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Stephanie Biergans
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SB has no competing interests to report.
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Peter Rosenberger
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PR has no competing interests to report.
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Funding
This work was funded by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG RO 3671/8-1 to P.R. O.K. received funding from the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) (DIFUTURE, 01ZZ1804D).
Funding of the participating centers:
Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany: This work was funded by the grant Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, Call: H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020-2-CNECT; Project: 101015930 — ENVISION to K.Z.
Authors' contributions
HM and PR developed the concept of this study including study design, data handling, data analysis, interpretation of results and drafting of the first manuscript. SB performed database planning and set-up. SL, SB and RV performed data analysis, statistics, and visualization. HM, PR, SL and SB verified the underlying data. SL and RV performed the machine-learning analysis. BJG supported database planning and data analysis. OK supported database planning and setup. BJG, SL, SB and NM critically reviewed the manuscript. MK, HH, VM, PM, GM, JB, BN, ML, CD, AE, FS, TR, CP, TS, TK, TBra, DKM, TBre, MB, KZ, EA, MP, OM; CS, DS, MW, FF, CN, FP, TW, CK, GS, TL, AS, AM, MW, BJ, FW, PM and JH reviewed patient charts, entered data into the electronic database and critically reviewed the manuscript. HM and PR finalized the manuscript. All authors approved the final version.
Acknowledgments
The authors and collaborators thank the employees of the participating intensive care units for their immeasurable efforts in the care of COVID-19 patients. The authors thank Nico Pfeifer, Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Germany, for the numerous fruitful discussions and valuable input on the application of ML methods. The authors thank Sascha Rehm and Christian Erhardt (meDIC, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany) for server and REDCap administration and support.
The authors also greatly appreciate the contributions of the assistant scientists, data scientists, study nurses and physicians towards all aspects of data collection, data analysis and the general support of this study, namely: H. Gloeckner & M. Keim (Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany), T. Simon (Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany), S. Winands & N. Andrees & G. Vorderwülbecke & K. Steinecke (Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, , corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany), K. Willemsen & B. Rahmel (Department of Anesthesiology/Intensive Care Medicine/Pain Therapy, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany), N. Theuerkauf & C. Bode & C.J. Schewe & U. Lohmer (Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany), S. May & P. Spieth & A. Gueldner (Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany), T. Dimski & C.Pelletier (Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany), A. Skarabis & M. Overbeck & B. Breuing & S. Kattner (Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany), T. Bui (Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany), J. Kalbhenn (Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany), A. Kernchen (Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), N. Piasta & M. Gerber (Department of Anesthesiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany), K. Ludwig & J. Mühlhaus (Department Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany), M. Fiedler (Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany), C.Schlegel & A. Seidel (Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany), H. Linnen & G. Bergmann (Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany), L. Bartning & K. Albizky (Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany), C. Arndt & T. Koch & R. Axt & G. Kix ( University Hospital Marburg, UKGM, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany), U. Flechtner (Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, and Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany), N. Moßbacher & S. Maluche & P. Feddersen (Departemnt of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany), S. Kaiser (Department for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Medicine, St. Elisabethen Klinikum, Ravensburg, Germany), K. Meiers (Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Saarland University Hospital Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany), F. Branz & S. Hoheisen & S. Appel (Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany), J.M. Defosse & F. Strobel (Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cologne-Merheim Medical Centre, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany), P. Kranke & C. Lotz (Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany).