Mean age (years ± SD)
Median age (years, range)
|
75.4 ± 14.8
79 (18–103)
|
54.9 ± 17.6
56 (18–79)
|
78.8 ± 11.2
81 (37–103)
|
< 0.001
-
|
Male gender (n,%)
|
257 (63)
|
28 (49)
|
229 (66)
|
0.017
|
Smoking history (n,%)
Current smoker
Ex-smoker
Never smoker
Unknown
|
36 (9)
205 (50)
135 (33)
30 (7)
|
11 (19)
24 (42)
21 (37)
1 (2)
|
25 (7)
181 (52)
114 (33)
29 (8)
|
0.003
0.172
0.535
0.079
|
Underlying diseases (n,%)
Heart disease
Chronic pulmonary disease
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic kidney disease
Hemodialysis
Hepatic disease
Collagen vascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Malignancy
Dementia
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Proton pump inhibitor use
Sleep agents use
Charlson comorbidity index (mean ± SD)
Charlson comorbidity index ≧ 3 (n,%)
|
126 (31)
175 (43)
61 (15)
51 (13)
16 (4)
14 (3)
41 (10)
100 (25)
74 (18)
74 (18)
14 (3)
122 (30)
60 (15)
2.1 ± 1.8
120 (30)
|
4 (7)
20 (35)
1 (2)
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 (4)
3 (5)
5 (9)
0
0.4 ± 0.5
0
|
122 (35)
155 (44)
60 (17)
51 (15)
16 (5)
15 (4)
41 (12)
100 (29)
75 (21)
72 (21)
11 (3)
117 (34)
60 (17)
2.4 ± 1.9
121 (35)
|
< 0.001
0.187
0.001
0.002
0.099
0.111
0.006
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.002
0.418
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
|
Category of pneumonia (n,%)
Community-acquired pneumonia
Healthcare-associated pneumonia
|
177 (44)
229 (56)
|
51 (89)
6 (11)
|
126 (36)
223 (64)
|
< 0.001
|
Severity of pneumonia (mean ± SD)
A-DROP score
CURB-65 score
PSI score
I-ROAD score
SOFA score
Conditions of the patients (mean ± SD)
SIRS score
Quick SOFA
Bacteremia (n,%)*
|
2.0 ± 1.3
1.8 ± 1.1
105.9 ± 42.3
2.1 ± 0.9
2.7 ± 1.9
0.6 ± 0.5
0.3 ± 0.5
26 (11)
|
0.7 ± 1.0
0.6 ± 0.8
45.9 ± 34.9
1.2 ± 0.6
1.3 ± 1.1
0.6 ± 0.5
0.1 ± 0.2
1 (4)
|
2.2 ± 1.2
2.0 ± 1.0
115.8 ± 34.8
2.3 ± 0.8
2.9 ± 1.9
0.6 ± 0.5
0.3 ± 0.5
25 (13)
|
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.566
< 0.001
0.14
|
Treatment (n,%)
ICU admission
DNAR order
Mechanical ventilation
Vasopressor use
Initial antibiotic therapy (n,%)
Penicillins alone
Cephems alone
Carbapenems alone
Fluoroquinolones alone
Macrolides alone
β-lactams plus fluoroquinolones
β-lactams plus macrolides
Others
Combination plus anti-MRSA agents
Any combination antibiotic therapy
Anti-pseudomonal agents use (n,%)
|
15 (4)
77 (19)
19 (5)
11 (3)
196 (48)
58 (14)
70 (17)
26 (6)
0
22 (5)
11 (3)
23 (6)
5 (1)
52 (13)
247 (61)
|
3 (5)
0
0
0
16(28)
7 (12)
7 (12)
13 (23)
0
10 (17)
3 (5)
1 (2)
0
15 (26)
34 (60)
|
12 (3)
77 (22)
19 (5)
11 (3)
180 (52)
51 (15)
63 (18)
13 (4)
0
12 (3)
8 (2)
22 (6)
5 (1)
37 (11)
213 (61)
|
0.471
< 0.001
0.071
0.174
0.001
0.641
0.285
< 0.001
-
< 0.001
0.2
0.168
0.363
0.001
0.843
|
Duration of
hospital stay (mean days ± SD)
antibiotics use (mean days ± SD)
|
18.6 ± 16.1
13.7 ± 10.8
|
12.9 ± 10.2
12.5 ± 9.1
|
19.5 ± 16.8
13.9 ± 11.1
|
0.004
0.385
|
Outcome
Mortality (n,%)
30-day mortality
In-hospital mortality
Initial treatment failure (n,%)
Inappropriate treatment (n,%) **
Isolating PDR pathogens (n,%)
|
19 (5)
23 (6)
37 (9)
42 (22)
59 (14)
|
0
1 (2)
5 (9)
1 (6)
3 (5)
|
19 (5)
22 (6)
32 (9)
41 (24)
56 (16)
|
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.924
0.32
0.032
|
Gram positive (n)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus non-pneumonia
Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase-negative Staphylococci
Corynebacterium species
Enterococcus species
|
***
32 (16.3)
19 (9.7)
30 (15.3)
35 (17.9)
1 (0.5)
2 (1)
1 (0.5)
|
****
4 (23.5)
0
1 (5.9)
0
0
0
0
|
*****
28 (15.6)
19 (9.7)
29 (16.2)
35 (19.6)
1 (0.6)
2 (1.1)
1 (0.6)
|
0.831
0.381
0.083
0.013
0.689
0.571
0.689
|
Gram-negative (n)
Haemophillus influenzae
Esherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumonniae
Klebsiella oxytoca
Moraxella catarrahis
Serratia macescens
Acinetobacter species
Proteus mirabilis
Stenotrophomonas maltphilia
Legionella pneumoniae
Enterobacteriacea
|
***
21 (10.7)
18 (9.2)
15 (7.7)
26 (13.3)
4 (2)
11 (5.6)
5 (2.6)
3 (1.5)
4 (2)
2 (1)
1 (0.5)
13 (6.6)
|
****
6 (35.3)
1 (5.9)
1 (5.9)
1 (5.9)
0
2 (11.2)
1 (5.9)
1 (5.9)
0
0
1 (5.9)
0
|
*****
15 (8.4)
17 (9.5)
14 (7.8)
25 (14)
4 (2.2)
9 (5)
4 (2.2)
2 (1.1)
4 (2.2)
2 (1.1)
0
13 (7.3)
|
0.042
0.3
0.416
0.422
0.127
0.663
0.682
0.319
0.422
0.573
0.012
0.609
|
DNAR, Do Not Attempt Resuscitation; ICU, intensive care unit; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PDR, potential drug resistant; RCT, randomized control trial; SD, standard deviation; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SOFA, SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment. |
* These denominators whose blood cultures obtained, are 230, 27 and 203. **Denominator is 192. Only cases with causative pathogens isolated were analyzed. |
***, ****, ***** these denominators whose numbers are positive sputum cultures, are 196, 17 and 179. They were calculated up to the first digit of the minority. |