High Heritability of Glycyrrhizic Acid, Glabridin, Liquiritin and Liquiritigenin in Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra L.) Populations of Iran

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-656564/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

High Heritability of Glycyrrhizic Acid, Glabridin, Liquiritin and Liquiritigenin in Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra L.) Populations of Iran

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-656564/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is an herbaceous, perennial plant with high distribution in Iran. Genetic variability, heritability and correlation among characters in 22 populations of G. glabra L. were studied. The genetic parameters among the traits including phenotypic variances, genotypic variances, genotype by environment variances, broad-sense heritability and genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were studied. Variance components analysis showed that the extent of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was fairly higher for all the examined traits compared with genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). Glabridin (GLA) exhibited high GCV and PCV (156.07% and 156.68%, respectively). The broad sense heritability varied from 38.92–99.79% and narrow sense heritability ranged from 9.70 % to 24.94%. Heritability of GLA, glycyrrhizic acid (GLY), liquiritin (LI), liquiritigenin (LIQ), rutin (RU) and rosmarinic acid (RA) were very high, exhibiting more than 97% heritability. Therefore, these critical characteristics can efficiently be selected and inherited in breeding programs. In most traits, the genotypic correlations showed the same direction as the phenotypic correlations. The contents of GLA and LIQ showed a positive correlation with majority of morphological traits. Therefore, selecting individual plants having desired morphological traits can be correlated with high contents of bioactive compounds in the harvested root.

General Biochemistry

Molecular Biology

Correlation

Diversity

Glycyrrhizic acid

Glabridin

Genotypic coefficient

Breeding

Table 1. Characteristics of physical and chemical analysis of the studied soil

Organic matter %

E.C. (ds/m)

Total lime %

Clay %

Silt %

Sand %

N %

Total P (mg/kg)

Total K (mg/kg)

Total Mg (meq/l)

Total Ca (meq/l)

Soil texture

1.18

0.72

8.28

7.2

0.09

9.6

286

1.1

2.1

Loamy-clay

Table 2. Variance analysis table

Source of Variation	df	Expected value
Block	r-1
Population	p-1	σ²e +r σ²t
Error	(r-1)(p-1)	σ²e

Table 3. Variability of phenotypic and genotypic parameters among Glycyrrhiza glabra L. populations.

Traits	V_P	V_G	V_A	PCV	GCV	H²b	H²n	GA	GAM
Plant height	413.70	344.25	86.06	33.75	30.78	83.21	20.80	1.88	3.12
Plant width	401.34	235.89	58.97	29.82	22.86	58.78	14.69	1.58	2.35
Main stem diameter	4.05	1.57	0.39	28.36	17.67	38.83	9.71	1.28	18.08
Leaf length	3.46	2.05	0.51	22.86	17.59	59.17	14.79	1.58	19.47
Leaf width	16.32	7.83	1.96	28.09	19.46	47.99	12.00	1.43	9.92
Number of leaflets	1.88	1.33	0.33	11.69	9.85	71.06	17.77	1.74	14.82
Leaflet length	42.00	28.09	7.02	25.97	21.24	66.88	16.72	1.68	6.75
Leaflet width	3.10	1.50	0.37	26.08	18.12	48.24	12.06	1.43	21.20
No. of axillary branches	1.94	1.04	0.26	29.41	21.47	53.32	13.33	1.50	31.73
Shoot fresh weight	17280.93	8019.77	2004.94	52.26	35.60	46.41	11.60	1.40	0.56
Shoot dry weight	5270.98	2313.50	578.38	52.53	34.80	43.89	10.97	1.36	0.99
Shoot yield	51474.51	22592.86	5648.22	52.52	34.80	43.89	10.97	1.36	0.32
Root fresh weight	15801.12	6149.93	1537.48	38.95	24.30	38.92	9.73	1.29	0.40
Root dry weight	7278.80	2977.39	744.35	42.42	27.13	40.90	10.23	1.32	0.66
Root yield	71081.74	29075.90	7268.98	42.42	27.13	97.76	24.44	1.37	0.32
Glycyrrhizic acid	1561.94	1539.53	384.88	40.90	40.60	98.56	24.64	2.05	2.12
Glabridin	19.66	19.51	4.88	156.68	156.07	99.22	24.80	2.05	72.51
Liquritin	1.72	1.67	0.42	76.82	75.67	97.03	24.26	2.03	118.88
Liquritigenin	9.47	9.28	2.32	46.08	45.61	97.96	24.49	2.04	30.52
TPC	2.43	1.71	0.43	25.37	21.25	70.19	17.55	1.73	28.09
TFC	34.28	16.72	4.18	35.96	25.11	48.78	12.20	1.44	8.84
IC50	51.02	24.98	6.25	8.93	6.25	48.97	12.24	1.44	1.80
Rutin	0.58	0.58	0.15	20.37	20.35	99.79	24.95	2.06	54.98
Rosmarinic acid	0.03	0.03	0.01	35.01	34.84	99.00	24.75	2.05	414.91

V_G: Genotypic variance, V_P: Phenotypic variance, V_A: Additive variance, H²b: Broad sense heritability, H²n: Narrow sense heritability, PCV: Phenotypic coefficient of variation, GCV: Genotypic coefficient of variation, GA: Genetic advance, GAM: Genetic advance as percentage of mean.

Table 4. Phenotypic (P) and genotypic (G) correlation coefficients of measured traits in G. glabra

Correlations
		PH	PW	MSD	LL	LW	NL	LEL	LEW	NAB	SFW	SDW	SY
PH	P	1
PH	G	1
PW	P	0.644^**	1
PW	G	0.778	1
MSD	P	0.652^**	0.546^**	1
MSD	G	0.895	0.875	1
LL	P	0.553^**	0.361^**	0.565^**	1
LL	G	0.686	0.432	0.984	1
LW	P	0.194^*	0.075	0.322^**	0.321^**	1
LW	G	0.312	0.177	0.821	0.780	1
NL	P	0.345^**	0.292^**	0.271^**	0.433^**	-0.198^*	1
NL	G	0.413	0.439	0.940	0.893	0.825	1
LEL	P	0.404^**	0.278^**	0.438^**	0.407^**	0.657^**	-0.130	1
LEL	G	0.627	0.595	0.850	0.625	0.915	-0.069	1
LEW	P	0.194^*	0.075	0.322^**	0.321^**	0.884^**	-0.198^*	0.657^**	1
LEW	G	0.269	0.125	0.998	0.782	0.995	0.089	0.915	1
NAB	P	.598^**	0.631^**	0.435^**	0.446^**	0.318^**	0.093	0.461^**	0.318^**	1
NAB	G	0.778	0.711	1.473	0.863	0.743	0.630	0.873	0.759	1
SFW	P	0.506^**	0.621^**	0.459^**	0.244^*	0.245^**	-0.023	0.443^**	0.245^**	0.620^**	1
SFW	G	0.997	0.894	0.798	0.409	0.359	-0.012	0.784	0.350	0.727	1
SDW	P	0.485^**	0.564^**	0.472^**	0.264^**	0.234^*	-0.018	0.400^**	0.234^*	0.641^**	0.942^**	1
SDW	G	0.984	0.943	-0.650	0.491	0.358	0.045	0.792	0.341	0.750	0.982	1
SY	P	0.495^**	0.562^**	0.491^**	0.251^**	0.248^*	-0.032	0.425^**	0.244^*	0.637^**	0.969^**	0.989^**	1
SY	G	0.953	0.992	0.826	0.481	0.338	-0.037	0.778	0.322	0.774	1.000	1.000	1

Table 4 Continued. Phenotypic (P) and genotypic (G) correlation coefficients of measured traits in G. glabra

Genotypic (G) and Phenotypic Correlations
		RFW	RDW	RY	GLY	GLA	LI	LIQ	TPC	TFC	IC	RUT	ROS
PH	P	0.457^**	0.449^**	0.432^**	-0.011	0.236^*	0.054	0.112	0.097	-0.051	0.285^**	0.159	0.156
PH	G	0.854	0.942	0.936	0.857	0.379	0.103	0.202	0.178	0.008	0.486	0.189	0.177
PW	P	0.506^**	0.508^**	0.496^**	-0.242	0.195^*	0.045	-0.025	0.083	-0.011	0.156	0.168	0.076
PW	G	0.894	0.932	0.954	0.958	0.396	0.124	0.075	0.247	0.112	0.280	0.236	0.099
MSD	P	0.417^**	0.429^**	0.412^**	0.112	0.271^**	0.216^*	0.171	-.0173	0.009	0.189^*	0.037	0.064
MSD	G	0.733	0.707	0.699	0.179	0.595	0.817	0.532	0.293	0.163	0.402	0.869	0.942
LL	P	0.142	0.119	0.132	0.158	0.192^*	-0.059	0.250^**	0.163	0.061	0.243^*	-0.168	0.125
LL	G	0.284	0.243	0.234	0.222	0.413	0.506	0.451	0.619	0.433	0.553	0.713	0.998
LW	P	0.085	0.117	0.141	0.176	0.032	0.155	0.210^*	-0.131	0.021	-0.096	0.063	0.007
LW	G	0.348	0.329	0.311	0.277	0.267	0.543	0.877	0.800	0.277	-0.029	0.243	0.991
NL	P	0.013	-0.056	-0.076	-0.089	0.367^**	-0.078	0.310^**	-0.873	0.208^*	0.143	0.137	-0.041
NL	G	0.058	-0.107	-0.115	-0.092	0.568	0.353	-0.072	0.656	0.510	0.404	0.589	0.971
LEL	P	0.340^**	0.355^**	0.381^**	0.140	0.081	0.238^*	0.250^**	0.156	0.035	0.144	0.073	0.012
LEL	G	0.678	0.643	0.610	0.240	0.706	0.587	0.593	0.323	0.610	0.738	0.534	0.988
LEW	P	0.085	0.117	0.123	0.176	0.032	0.155	0.242^*	0.053	0.021	-0.096	0.063	0.007
LEW	G	0.338	0.314	0.306	0.257	0.088	0.676	0.617	0.195	0.083	-0.187	0.894	0.953
NAB	P	0.568^**	0.549^**	0.571^**	0.073	0.041	0.166	0.255^**	0.050	-0.116	0.035	0.089	0.071
NAB	G	0.709	0.676	0.671	0.100	0.137	0.541	0.440	0.490	-0.070	0.105	0.664	0.919
SFW	P	0.739^**	0.766^**	0.782^**	0.037	0.029	0.058	0.288^**	0.050	-0.028	0.172	0.167	0.050
SFW	G	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.323	0.234	0.193	0.425	0.291	0-.194	0.385	0.317	0.953
SDW	P	0.728^**	0.774^**	0.784^**	0.120	0.031	0.067	0.288^**	-0.110	-0.042	0.149	0.075	0.091
SDW	G	1.000	1.000	0.950	0.491	0.358	0.045	0.792	0.341	0.750	0.510	0.269	0.949
SY	P	0.748^**	0.763^**	0.769^**	0.131	0.051	0.087	0.297^**	-0.105	-0.039	0.161	0.075	0.087
SY	G	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.481	0.338	0.037	0.778	0.322	0.774	1.000	1.000	0.962

Table 4 Continued. Phenotypic (P) and genotypic (G) correlation coefficients of measured traits in G. glabra

Correlations
		RFW	RDW	RY	GLY	GLA	LI	LIQ	TPC	TFC	IC	RU	ROS
RFW	P	1
RFW	G	1
RDW	P	0.957^**	1
RDW	G	1.532	1
RY	P	0.989^**	0.991^**	1
RY	G	1.423	1.342	1
GLY	P	-0.038	-0.019	-0.019	1
GLY	G	-0.198	-0.249	0.141	1
GLA	P	0.243^*	0.180	0.180	0.036	1
GLA	G	0.453	0.361	0.360	0.347	1
LI	P	0.167	0.138	0.138	0.176	0.455^**	1
LI	G	0.282	0.350	0.258	0.894	0.921	1
LIQ	P	0.063	0.120	0.120	0.687^**	-0.122	0.320^**	1
LIQ	G	0.313	0.394	0.289	0.985	0.597	0.532	1
TPC	P	-0.110	-0.105	-0.105	-0.276^**	-0.336^**	-0.276^**	-.015	1
TPC	G	-0.264	-0.242	-0.275	0.689	0.974	0.159	1.260	1
TFC	P	-0.110	-0.129	-0.129	-0.134	-0.066	-0.132	-0.209^*	0.192^*	1
TFC	G	0.273	-0.401	-0.378	-0.348	0.444	-0.064	0.071	0.264	1
IC	P	0.102	0.078	0.078	0.109	0.266^**	0.089	0.175	0.042	-0.016	1
IC	G	0.292	0.321	0.217	0.323	0.831	0.260	0.674	0.237	0.262	1
RU	P	0.128	0.161	0.161	-0.263^**	-0.040	0.133	0.177	-0.057	-0.284^**	-0.027	1
RU	G	0.344	0.349	0.294	0.543	-0.232	0.976	0.411	0.795	0.747	-0.184	1
ROS	P	0.056	0.120	0.120	-0.127	-0.015	0.153	-0.179	0.094	0.015	0.101	-0.209^*	1
ROS	G	0.282	0.321	0.311	-0.354	-0.443	0.334	-0.291	0.261	0.192	0.396	0.432	1

PH: Plant height, PW: Plant width, MSD: Main stem diameter, LL: Leaf length, LW: Leaf width, NL: Number of leaflets, LEL: Leaflet length, LEW: Leaflet width, NAB: Number of axillary branches, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, SDW: Shoot dry weight, SY: Shoot yield, RFW: Root fresh weight, RDW: Root dry weight, RY: Root yield, GLY: Glycyrrhizic acid, GLA: Glabridin, LI: Liquritin, LIQ: Liquritigenin, TPC: Total phenol content, TFC: Total flavonoid content, IC: IC50, RU: Rutin, ROS: Rosmarinic acid

Table 5. Distribution of G. glabra populations in different clusters.

Cluster	Number of Populations	Percentage	populations
1	8	36.36	Sepidan, Taft, Bajgah, Marvast, Hajiabad, Sirjan, Bardsir, Shahrebabak,
2	3	13.64	Ahar , Darab, Ilam
3	4	18.81	Bojnord, Kashmar, Baft, Kermanshah,
4	7	31.81	Eqlid, Rabat, Semirom, Takestan, Kazerun, Saqqez, Yasuj

Table 6. Mean comparison of the measured traits on groups of cluster analysis

Character			Cluster
	1	2	3	4	Mean	CV %
Plant height (cm)	66.06^b	98.78^a	52.55^c	46.23^c	60.27	23.27
Plant width (cm)	76.23^a	87.97^a	62.23^b	52.40^b	67.19	23.67
Main stem diameter (mm)	7.68^b	9.96^a	6.12^c	6.10^c	7.10	23.17
Leaf length (cm)	8.24^b	10.71^a	8.04^b	7.34^b	8.14	29.54
Leaf width (cm)	15.35^a	16.33^a	10.35^b	14.35^a	14.38	24.55
Number of leaflets	11.22^b	13.40^a	13.10^a	11.11^b	11.72	8.58
Leaflet length (mm)	27.93^a	31.80^a	18.42^c	22.91^b	24.95	19.78
Leaflet width (mm)	7.17^a	7.60^a	5.00^b	6.97^a	6.75	22.73
Number of axillary branches	5.41^a	6.24^a	3.66^b	4.08^b	4.75	22.80
Shoot fresh weight (g/plant)	338.81^a	328.38^a	155.44^b	172.39^b	251.56	39.86
Shoot dry weight (g/plant)	184.75^a	183.50^a	81.19^b	98.07^b	138.22	40.18
Shoot yield (g/m²)	577.34^a	573.44^a	253.71^b	306.47^b	431.96	40.18
Root fresh weight (g/plant)	376.16^b	471.10^a	223.72^c	268.12^c	322.73	31.27
Root dry weight (g/plant)	244.75^a	284.34^a	123.55^b	165.52^b	201.10	33.55
Root yield (g/m²)	764.85^a	888.56^a	386.10^b	517.25^b	628.25	33.85
Glycyrrhizic acid (mg/g DW)	98.33^a	104.63^a	67.64^b	108.76^a	96.64	37.96
Glabridin (mg/g DW)	0.63^b	13.14^a	2.41^b	2.95^b	2.83	95.82
Liquritin (mg/g DW)	1.62^b	3.39^a	0.97^b	1.75^b	1.70	67.89
Liquritigenin (mg/g DW)	8.18^a	6.88^a	4.44^b	5.96^ab	6.68	40.72
TPC (mg GAE/g DW)	6.31^b	5.62^b	7.46^a	5.32^b	6.14	21.94
TFC (mg QE/g DW)	16.21^b	14.66^b	21.00^a	14.14^b	16.28	33.42
IC50 (µg/ml)	79.14^b	87.20^a	81.51^b	78.04^b	79.95	8.27
Rutin (mg/g DW)	3.85^a	3.83^a	3.64^a	3.63^a	3.74	20.13
Rosmarinic acid (mg/g DW)	0.49^a	0.56^a	0.44^a	0.52^a	0.49	34.02

Table 7. Cluster analysis by construction of Mahalanobis (D²) distances between clustered groups

	C1	C2	C3	C4
C1	1	65.63^**	31.63^**	12.55^**
C2		1	87.17^**	67.80^**
C3			1	22.91^**
C4				1

Download PDF

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

High Heritability of Glycyrrhizic Acid, Glabridin, Liquiritin and Liquiritigenin in Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra L.) Populations of Iran

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Full Text

Tables

Status:

Version 1