3.1 Solar PV system around Bahir Dar
In Ethiopia, currently, small-scale solar technologies are mainly involved within the distribution of solar home systems, mainly in creating, informing, and providing technical assistance to consumers (and especially women groups that play a vital role at the household level), developers, business and financial intermediaries (micro-finance institutions).
Stakeholders emphasize the critical role that the Ethiopian Customs Bureau, importers, distributors, and retailers must play together to ensure that substandard products reach consumers and strengthen market integrity [4]. Lack of awareness is exacerbated in some rural communities by the shortage of TVs and radio stations inaccessible to those advertising channels. Public awareness campaigns must be carefully designed and targeted to beat these barriers the maximum amount possible. Additionally, market actors, especially solar panels and system suppliers, are experiencing an absence of support in marketing and promoting rural energy technologies. Thus, improving access to finance should be a top priority to strengthen network electrification. Factors that affect a PV system's performance are irradiation, shading, sorting, array orientation, array asymmetry angle, array angle, roof structure and condition, the balance of system locations, latitude. During the rapid change in atmospheric climate, the cold, rainy summers from June to August and the hot, dry winters from December to February are divided into autumn (September-November) and spring (March-May). Thus, this study mainly attempts to look at the practice of alternative energy dissipation. In this way, it's possible to optimize the energy supply's orientation effects to induce the most energy from the systems.
Solar insulation data are given in Figure 4. The clearance index is low from mid-June to mid-September, thanks to those months' rainy and cloudy days. The expected annual solar insulation is 6.23kWh/m2 per day. From (Figure 4) shown below Solar Radiation input: Monthly Averaged radiation (kW/m2/day).
3.2 Impact of PV-based electrification and its social benefits
A community-based specializes in PV-based rural electrification, and its social benefits were conducted through community elders, students, and women. Additionally, critical informative interviews and observations were made about these four-specific training kebeles [14, 31]. The results show that almost all of the main target group participants were satisfied with the system because they'd charge their mobile phones, watch TV, worship, and lightly clean the electricity; we saw that many were surprised by the electricity. They were satisfied that their lifestyle is becoming modern and grounded within the system as their major problems are reduced, especially their disease caused by traditional lighting using oil. They also replied that, unlike a kerosene lamp, it provides high-quality light. Electricity from solar PV is also beneficial in terms of safety because it avoids the fireplace hazard caused by kerosene lamps [27]. The interview results also showed that the solar PV's electricity-based electrification solved many problems within the network altogether four villages and altered the agricultural population. It's also said that a current lighting system increases the residents' working hours and can use electrical appliances like CFL or LED lamps with higher brightness and help the scholars check and do their homework at the hours of darkness. This creates access to an academic program that will improve their lifestyle. The supply of a rural PV system increases children's learning opportunities, increases household well-being through better care of kids and the home, and increases income opportunities. In households and enterprises, there's improved communication (mobile phone) and access to information (audio-visual) [7]. During the sector survey, the shadow effect could are avoided if the installer had known about the shadow effect. Like the MoWIE Field Report, data collected from other sources show that the PV orientation problem is familiar to any other site. Specifically, these systems have hurt modulus energy efficiency.
The system size installed all told training areas; the result shows that two sorts of systems are established: 40Wp and 130Wp systems. The 40Wp system is meant for 1 * 7W LED power, 3 * 2W dc LED light, 1 * 15W hair clipper or black and white TV, small tape or radio, and mobile charging, but all told five families. Serves just for lighting and mobile charging. Although the system can power TV or radio, end users are forced to use the system just for lighting and mobile charging thanks to low economic capacity. The opposite system type observed in field visits to fifteen households was the 130 Wp AC/DC type system. This technique has power 2 * 7W LED, 3 * 2W, 3 * 1W dc LED lamp, ribbon and radio, mobile charge, 12 "or 14" TV (low power AC / DC TV, mainly utilized in the bus) long-distance passenger), DC operates on a refrigerator (with low power consumption, commonly mentioned as a solar refrigerator). Accordingly, the device installed in 15 families could be a 3 * 1w dc LED light bulb, mobile charge, and a 14" flat-screen TV. As for the support, the structures were traditional trees that aren't even spoiled and inspected by an expert structural engineer; the molding of local houses was random and irregular in shape, making installation very difficult, especially in household systems. The auxiliary structures used weren't strong; all told four kebeles other problems observed during the location visit, whether system components like cabinet and PV panel were unclean and covered for an extended time with dust particles. PV modules are very reliable; however, they will collect grime and mud over time in contaminated environments. Photovoltaic cells have already got low conversion efficiency; the accumulation of sand and dirt particles from the external environment further reduces the generated output energy [19]. This is often caused by a discount within the incidence of sunlight on the photovoltaic cell. Uncertain and polluted sky by dust particles can reduce the sun's incoming rays before reaching the solar cells and facilitate the work of the scheme to scale back the effect that photovoltaic panels must be protected, especially in areas susceptible to low rainfall and deserts. Therefore, creating user awareness about how dust particles can reduce sunlight and system performance should be a compulsory daily activity for end users.
3.3 PV Orientation Analysis and Best Orientation Evaluation
The PVsyst software was accustomed to support further and evaluates the orientation findings regarding solar orientation. The orientation of the PV system within the areas of Bahir-Dar was analyzed in keeping with the software.
Table 1. NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy: RETScreen Data Ethiopia, Latitude 8, Longitude 38 and Altitude 2324 m.
Month
|
Air temperature (°C)
|
Relative humidity (%)
|
Daily solar radiation horizontal (kWh/m2/d)
|
Atmospheric pressure (kPa)
|
Wind speed (m/s)
|
Earth temperature (°C)
|
Heating degree days
(°C-d)
|
Cooling degree days
(°C-d)
|
January
|
18.0
|
42.0%
|
5.97
|
79.4
|
3.5
|
22.4
|
18
|
241
|
February
|
19.4
|
37.7%
|
6.38
|
79.3
|
3.2
|
24.4
|
3
|
257
|
March
|
20.5
|
41.9%
|
6.26
|
79.3
|
3.0
|
25.6
|
1
|
315
|
April
|
19.8
|
54.8%
|
6.12
|
79.2
|
3.1
|
24.1
|
5
|
288
|
May
|
18.6
|
65.5%
|
6.05
|
79.3
|
2.9
|
21.8
|
8
|
266
|
June
|
16.9
|
76.8%
|
5.41
|
79.4
|
3.0
|
18.6
|
29
|
213
|
July
|
15.8
|
79.5%
|
4.75
|
79.4
|
2.6
|
16.9
|
59
|
187
|
August
|
15.8
|
79.5%
|
4.87
|
79.4
|
2.3
|
16.8
|
54
|
192
|
September
|
16.1
|
76.1%
|
5.54
|
79.4
|
2.3
|
17.3
|
41
|
197
|
October
|
16.3
|
63.0%
|
6.17
|
79.4
|
2.8
|
17.8
|
49
|
197
|
November
|
16.9
|
48.4%
|
6.20
|
79.4
|
3.2
|
19.3
|
38
|
202
|
December
|
17.2
|
46.0%
|
6.02
|
79.4
|
3.4
|
20.5
|
33
|
215
|
Annual Average measured
|
17.6
|
42.0%
|
5.97
|
79.4
|
3.5
|
22.4
|
18
|
241
|
Document generated on Thu Apr 7 03:36:56 EDT 2016 from www.RETScreen.com
NASA data show that the sun's rays are low in June-September (Table 1). The rationale is that it's the season, and also the sunshine time is a smaller amount than average. In Ethiopia, the sun's angle and the vertical line when the sun is on the tropical Capricorn (south) are more extensive than when the sun is on common cancer (north). If we consider only the sun's position, the worth of the sun's rays on the land of Ethiopia on Dec 21 (tropical Capricorn) should be but the value of the radiation on Jun 21 (common cancer). In contrast, with actual observations and surveys of local residences, Ethiopia's season runs from June to September. The time of year is from September to March, with longer sunny seasons during this season. Thus, this information obtained from NASA will be compared with the program's results, actual observations, and local people's surveys. Accordingly, the irradiation results obtained in Bahir-Dar are analyzed about NASA and native residents' statements and presented.
3.4 Results of Bahir Dar orientation
The PVsyst program is employed to stimulate optimal orientation. The simulation behavior of a solar PV system depends on the angle of the lean of the PV system, the rise of the azimuth, and
Therefore the environmental condition of the positioning, like radiation [11]. The meteorological site selected for this analysis is Bahir Dar in Ethiopia, as most solar PV systems are installed during this region. The results of the Bahir-Dar optimization shown in Figure 5 of the simulation results described that in the orientation of this technique, the PV system could collect a mean of 5.36 kWh/m2 per day, implies that 1929.6
kWh/m2/year. This amount of energy can even be converted into a usable sort of electricity, betting on the conversion efficiency's property nature.
PVsyst Orientation Simulation Result around Bahir Dar from (Figure 5). In addition to the inadequacy of the distribution amount, there are other problems for successful dissemination [24]. These are:
- A project-based approach to distribution, involving one-off, large-scale tender procurement as an endless critical supply of solar lighting products;
- It is impossible to convince local banks to borrow PV solar products. As a result, insufficient capital and funding wasn't available for local private companies to retort to large tenders (due to their limited involvement);
- There isn't any established market link between importers and rural distributors and installers, leaving consumers with the matter of spare parts maintenance and availability;
- Limited efforts to market the advantages of solar PV systems and, therefore, the lack of local component manufacturers have made the system's price very high.
- Lack of regulatory and legal framework supported national standards, rural awareness campaign.
- Consequently, small amounts of solar PV are distributed throughout the country, leaving most agricultural households without electricity, making them keen on fuel-covered lighting, including fossil and solid biomass fuels. This may contribute to gas emissions, air, and outdoor pollution, and native environmental degradation and influences in-house companies to not compete with them as they're characterized by low resources.
- The purchased equipment is shipped to the regions for installation performed by one company under a contract with the national [14, 31].
This created significant problems in an interview with end-users of the four study periods; it was reported that users have difficulty finding technicians; replacement components (e.g., a liability controller) may cause significant features, like batteries, because of replacement duration.
Other problems observed during this study are associated with the shortage of national standards for PV orientation installation. The examination shows that the installation orientation doesn't contain specific guidelines, as evidenced by the observed tilt angles [38]. Supported this study, it had been found that the performance and reliability of independent PV electrical systems were influenced by various factors like component failure, system configuration, maximum power tracking, system orientation, electrical device tracking, and environmental conditions then on [23]. Moreover, the loss of PV systems was observed everywhere, within the sample areas, because of dust accumulation, lack of system design, extreme temperature, and shading. Thus, it's crucial to adapt the quality design practice of mathematical formulation, experimental and PVsyst methods to numerical simulation to see ways to boost the performance and reliability of individual PV power systems for further practicality within the country. It's also been observed that the general public has different views about technology. Users with functional systems express positive views about technology [26]. Conversely, in cases where some components failed, users showed a negative attitude towards technology. SHS is perfect, environmentally friendly, and sustainable thanks to secure such scattered rural villages. The practice of distributing PV and installing and maintaining it within the instance faces many challenges [8].