Many of the participants were 61–75 years old (41.6%), and about half of them were married (49.3%). About 90% of them were Christians, and 60% of them had an underlying disease. See Table 1.
Table 1
Socioeconomic factors, social support, treatment, body image and life satisfaction characteristics among participants (n = 481)
Characteristics
|
n (%)
|
Age (years)†
|
|
31–45
|
37 (7.9)
|
46–60
|
166 (35.5)
|
61–75
|
195 (41.6)
|
Above 75
|
70 (15.0)
|
Mean = 62.7, SD = 12.35, Min = 31, Max = 93
|
|
Civil status†
|
|
Married
|
236 (49.3)
|
Live together
|
85 (17.8)
|
Widow
|
65 (13.6)
|
Single
|
42 (8.8)
|
Divorced
|
42 (8.8)
|
Others/Unidentified
|
8 (1.7)
|
Education level†
|
|
Secondary school
|
106 (22.2)
|
High school
|
96 (20.1)
|
University
|
155 (32.5)
|
Others/Unidentified
|
120 (25.2)
|
Religion†
|
|
Christian
|
422 (90.4)
|
Muslim/Buddhist
|
5 (1.0)
|
Others/Unidentified
|
40 (8.6)
|
Cultural/Ethnic minority†
|
|
No
|
455 (96.8)
|
Yes
|
15 (3.2)
|
Underlying diseases affect daily life†
|
|
No
|
277 (59.3)
|
Yes
|
190 (40.7)
|
Duration from diagnosis (year)†
|
|
2 or less
|
263 (56.6)
|
2–4
|
174 (37.4)
|
More than 4
|
28 (6.0)
|
Mean = 2.92, SD = 3.97, Min = 0.2, Max = 44
|
|
Social support†
|
|
Mean = 13.95, SD = 7.09, Min = 0, Max = 42
|
|
Chemotherapy†
|
|
Yes
|
234 (49.6)
|
No
|
238 (50.4)
|
Radiation therapy†
|
|
Yes
|
227 (52.6)
|
No
|
252 (47.4)
|
Hormone therapy†
|
|
Yes
|
293 (62.7)
|
No
|
174 (37.3)
|
Herceptin treatment†
|
|
Yes
|
82 (18.7)
|
No
|
357 (81.3)
|
Breast reconstruction†
|
|
Yes
|
93 (19.7)
|
No
|
380 (80.3)
|
Body image score†
|
|
Mean = 8.23, SD = 5.94, Min = 0, Max = 29
|
|
Life satisfaction – physical symptoms 100-percent score†
|
Mean = 86.91, SD = 12.81, Min = 28.57, Max = 100
|
|
Life satisfaction – sickness impact 100-percent score†
|
Mean = 66.99, SD = 18.64, Min = 14.29, Max = 100
|
|
Life satisfaction – quality of everyday activities 100-percent score†
|
Mean = 67.85, SD = 16.25, Min = 14.29, Max = 100
|
|
Life satisfaction – socio-economic situation 100-percent score†
|
Mean = 77.59, SD = 13.67, Min = 25, Max = 100
|
|
Life satisfaction – quality of family relation 100-percent score†
|
Mean = 75.86, SD = 17.22, Min = 14.29, Max = 100
|
|
Life satisfaction – quality of close friend relationship 100-percent score†
|
Mean = 73.79, SD = 16.18, Min = 14.29, Max = 100
|
† obtained number < 481; SD = Standard Deviation |
The analyses of correlation showed that the BIS score significantly correlated with all dimensions of the LSQ score. The strongest correlation was sickness impact (r = -0.474, p < 0.001), followed by total life satisfaction (r = -0.0407, p < 0.001), socio-economic situation (r = -0.382, p < 0.001), quality of everyday activities (r = -0.222, p < .001), quality of family relation (r = -0.181, p < 0.001), and quality of close-friend relationship (r = -0.171, p < 0.001). See Table 2.
Table 2
Correlation between Body Image Scale (BIS) score and Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSQ) scores from all dimensions
Variable
|
LSQ scores
|
|
Physical symptoms
|
Sickness impact
|
Quality of everyday activities
|
Socio-economic situation
|
Family relation
|
Close friend relationship
|
Total life satisfaction
|
BIS score
|
− .338*
|
− .474*
|
− .222*
|
− .382*
|
− .181*
|
− .171*
|
− .407*
|
* All correlations were significant at 0.01 level |
The study revealed that lower age (β = -0.194, 95% CI -0.226, -0.172, p < 0.001), underlying disease (β = 0.238, 95% CI 0.188, 0.281, p < 0.001), chemotherapy (β = 0.154, 95% CI 0.083, 0.224, p = 0.002) and having breast reconstruction (β = 0.108, 95% CI 0.093, 0.123, p = 0.024) were associated with increased body image dissatisfaction.
No underlying disease (β = -0.334, 95% CI -0.342, -0.325, p < 0.001), higher total social support (β = 0.145, 95% CI 0.008, 0.224, p = 0.002), no chemotherapy (β = -0.120, 95% CI -0.129, -0.107, p = 0.009), and not being culture/ethnic minority (β = -0.099, 95% CI -0.145, -0.041, p = 0.029) were independently associated with increased life satisfaction in the dimension of physical symptoms. No underlying disease (β = -0.447, 95% CI -0.538, -0.330, p < 0.001), no chemotherapy (β = -0.103, 95% CI -0.237, -0.051, p = 0.038), no radiation treatment (β = -0.128, 95% CI -0.208, -0.081, p = 0.017), higher total social support (β = 0.140, 95% CI 0.083, 0.214, p = 0.003), and not being culture/ethnic minority (β = -0.130, 95% CI -0.189, -0.094, p = 0.034) were independently associated with increased life satisfaction in the dimension of sickness impact. No underlying disease (β = -0.270, 95% CI -0.311, -0.235, p < 0.001) were independently associated with increased life satisfaction in the dimension of quality of everyday activities. No underlying disease (β = -0.296, 95% CI -0.324, -0.265, p < 0.001), married/living together (β = -0.202, 95% CI -0.304, -0.231, p < 0.001) and not being culture/ethnic minority (β = -0.125, 95% CI -0.129, -0.117, p < 0.001) were independently associated with increased life satisfaction in the dimension of socio-economic situation. No underlying disease (β = -0.166, 95% CI -0.199, -0.134, p < 0.001) and lower age (β = -0.159, 95% CI -0.259, -0.070, p = 0.002) were independently associated with increased life satisfaction in the dimension of quality of family relation. No underlying diseases (β = -0.170, 95% CI -0.123, -0.144, p = 0.001), decreased age (β = -0.174, 95% CI -0.241, -0.143, p = 0.001), not being culture/ethnic minority (β = -0.107, 95% CI -0.255, -0.067, p = 0.025) and higher total social support (β = 0.103, 95% CI 0.058, 0.204, p = 0.041) were independently associated with increased life satisfaction in the dimension of quality of close friend relationship. No underlying diseases (β = -0.380, 95% CI -0.395, -0.326, p < 0.001) were independently associated with increased total life satisfaction. See Table 3.
Table 3
Multivariate linear regression analysis results of the scores of body image and life satisfaction for all dimensions
Variables
|
Unstandardized Coefficients
|
Standardized Coefficients
|
|
|
|
B
|
Standard error
|
95% CI
|
Beta (Descending)
|
t
|
p
|
Body image†
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
12.638
|
2.030
|
8.648, 16.628
|
|
6.226
|
< .001*
|
Age
|
-0.112
|
.030
|
− .170, − .054
|
-0.194
|
-3.782
|
< .001*
|
Having an underlying disease
|
3.406
|
.678
|
2.074, 4.738
|
0.238
|
5.027
|
< .001*
|
Chemotherapy
|
2.157
|
.693
|
.794, 3.519
|
0.154
|
3.111
|
.002*
|
Breast reconstruction
|
1.890
|
.837
|
.245, 3.535
|
0.108
|
2.258
|
.024*
|
Life satisfaction – physical symptoms
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
95.856
|
1.466
|
92.975, 98.737
|
|
65.398
|
< .001*
|
Having an underlying disease
|
-8.762
|
1.190
|
-11.102, -6.422
|
-0.334
|
-7.361
|
< .001*
|
Chemotherapy
|
-3.095
|
1.183
|
-5.421, − .769
|
-0.120
|
-2.616
|
.009*
|
Total social support
|
.264
|
.083
|
.101, .407
|
0.145
|
3.180
|
.002*
|
Being culture/ethnic minority
|
-7.635
|
3.492
|
-14.500, − .771
|
-0.099
|
-2.186
|
.029*
|
Life satisfaction – sickness impact‡
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
83.100
|
2.071
|
79.028, 87.172
|
|
40.116
|
< .001*
|
Having an underlying disease
|
-17.144
|
1.644
|
-20.377, -13.912
|
-0.447
|
-10.426
|
< .001*
|
Chemotherapy
|
-3.874
|
1.864
|
-7.539, − .210
|
-0.103
|
-2.078
|
.038*
|
Radiation
|
-4.821
|
1.845
|
-8.447, -1.195
|
-0.128
|
-2.614
|
.009*
|
Total social support
|
.370
|
.114
|
.145, .594
|
0.140
|
3.239
|
.001*
|
Being culture/ethnic minority
|
-15.044
|
4.967
|
-24.809, -5.279
|
-0.130
|
-3.029
|
.003*
|
Life satisfaction – quality of everyday activities
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
73.734
|
1.132
|
71.509, 75.959
|
|
65.137
|
< .001*
|
Having an underlying disease
|
-8.961
|
1.511
|
-11.931, -5.992
|
-0.270
|
-5.931
|
< .001*
|
Life satisfaction – socioeconomic situation
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
83.348
|
0.861
|
81.656, 85.040
|
|
96.830
|
< .001*
|
Having an underlying disease
|
-8.143
|
1.259
|
-10.617, -5.668
|
-0.296
|
-6.469
|
< .001*
|
Civil status
|
-5.916
|
1.348
|
-8.567 -3.265
|
-0.202
|
-4.387
|
< .001*
|
Being culture/ethnic minority
|
-10.419
|
3.793
|
-17.876, -2.963
|
-0.125
|
-2.747
|
< .001*
|
Life satisfaction – quality of family relation
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
90.865
|
3.904
|
83.191, 98.540
|
|
23.272
|
< .001*
|
Having an underlying disease
|
-5.357
|
1.522
|
-8.348, -2.366
|
-0.166
|
-3.520
|
< .001*
|
Age
|
-0.207
|
0.066
|
-0.337, -0.076
|
-0.159
|
-3.121
|
.002*
|
Life satisfaction – quality of close friend relationship§
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
87.488
|
4.951
|
77.756, 97.221
|
|
17.672
|
< .001*
|
Having an underlying disease
|
-5.491
|
1.570
|
-8.578, -2.403
|
-0.170
|
-3.496
|
.001*
|
Age
|
-0.228
|
0.068
|
-0.362, -0.095
|
-0.174
|
-3.366
|
.001*
|
Being culture/ethnic minority
|
-10.418
|
4.634
|
-19.529, -1.307
|
-0.107
|
-2.248
|
.025*
|
Total social support
|
.230
|
.112
|
.010, .450
|
0.103
|
2.052
|
.041*
|
Life satisfaction – total satisfaction
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
80.134
|
0.788
|
78.585, 81.682
|
|
101.745
|
< .001*
|
Having an underlying disease
|
-8.882
|
1.054
|
-10.975, -6.790
|
-0.380
|
-8.344
|
< .001*
|
* A level of significance of 0.05 |
† Social support was significant only in univariate analyses for Body image. |
‡ Hormone therapy was significant only in univariate analysis for Life satisfaction – sickness impact. |
§ Being culture/ethnic minority was significant only in univariate analyses for Life satisfaction –quality of close friend relationship. |
Body image, F = 14.643, p = < .001, Adjusted R2 = 0.116 |
Life satisfaction – physical symptoms, F = 19.623, p = < .001, Adjusted R2 = 0.151 |
Life satisfaction – sickness impact, F = 29.752, p = < .001, Adjusted R2 = 0.260 |
Life satisfaction – quality of everyday activities, F = 24.576, p = < .001, Adjusted R2 = 0.096 |
Life satisfaction – socioeconomic situation, F = 27.584, p = < .001, Adjusted R2 = 0.164 |
Life satisfaction – quality of family relation, F = 14.726, p = < .001, Adjusted R2 = 0.087 |
Life satisfaction – quality of close friend relationship, F = 11.931, p = < .001, Adjusted R2 = 0.097 |
Life satisfaction – total life satisfaction, F = 42.468, p = < .001, Adjusted R2 = 0.170 |