1 Howell, D. R., Kirkwood, M. W., Laker, S. & Wilson, J. C. Collision and Contact Sport Participation and Quality of Life Among Adolescent Athletes. J Athl Train 55, 1174-1180, doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0536.19 (2020).
2 McCrory, P. et al. Consensus statement on Concussion in Sport - The 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. Phys Ther Sport 14, e1-e13, doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.03.002 (2013).
3 Li, A. Y. et al. Sport Contact Level Affects Post-Concussion Neurocognitive Performance in Young Athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol, doi:10.1093/arclin/acab021 (2021).
4 Conder, R. L. & Conder, A. A. Sports-related concussions. N C Med J 76, 89-95, doi:10.18043/ncm.76.2.89 (2015).
5 Jordan, B. D. The clinical spectrum of sport-related traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol 9, 222-230, doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.33 (2013).
6 Shuttleworth-Edwards, A. B., Smith, I. & Radloff, S. E. Neurocognitive vulnerability amongst university rugby players versus noncontact sport controls. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 30, 870-884, doi:10.1080/13803390701846914 (2008).
7 Iverson, G. L., Williams, M. W., Gardner, A. J. & Terry, D. P. Systematic Review of Preinjury Mental Health Problems as a Vulnerability Factor for Worse Outcome After Sport-Related Concussion. Orthop J Sports Med 8, 2325967120950682, doi:10.1177/2325967120950682 (2020).
8 Reynolds, B. B. et al. Practice type effects on head impact in collegiate football. J Neurosurg 124, 501-510, doi:10.3171/2015.5.JNS15573 (2016).
9 Duma, S. M. et al. Analysis of real-time head accelerations in collegiate football players. Clin J Sport Med 15, 3-8, doi:10.1097/00042752-200501000-00002 (2005).
10 Guskiewicz, K. M. et al. Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: relationship between head impact biomechanics and acute clinical outcome after concussion. Neurosurgery 61, 1244-1252; discussion 1252-1243, doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000306103.68635.1a (2007).
11 Manley, G. et al. A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion. Br J Sports Med 51, 969-977, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097791 (2017).
12 Montenigro, P. H. et al. Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Football Players. J Neurotrauma 34, 328-340, doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4413 (2017).
13 Mouzon, B. C. et al. Lifelong behavioral and neuropathological consequences of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 5, 64-80, doi:10.1002/acn3.510 (2018).
14 Gallo, V. et al. Concussion and long-term cognitive impairment among professional or elite sport-persons: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91, 455-468, doi:10.1136/jnnp-2019-321170 (2020).
15 Stein, T. D., Alvarez, V. E. & McKee, A. C. Concussion in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Curr Pain Headache Rep 19, 47, doi:10.1007/s11916-015-0522-z (2015).
16 Smoliga, J. M. Interpreting Biomarker Data After Concussion and Repeated Subconcussive Head Impacts: Challenges in Evaluating Brain Protection. JAMA Neurol 77, 1477-1478, doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.3467 (2020).
17 Oliver, J. M. et al. Fluctuations in blood biomarkers of head trauma in NCAA football athletes over the course of a season. J Neurosurg, 1-8, doi:10.3171/2017.12.JNS172035 (2018).
18 Harmon, K. G. et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement on Concussion in Sport. Clin J Sport Med 29, 87-100, doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000720 (2019).
19 Jindal, G., Gadhia, R. R. & Dubey, P. Neuroimaging in Sports-Related Concussion. Clin Sports Med 40, 111-121, doi:10.1016/j.csm.2020.08.004 (2021).
20 Zhang, J. et al. Relationship between white matter integrity and post-traumatic cognitive deficits: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 90, 98-107, doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-317691 (2019).
21 Wallace, E. J., Mathias, J. L. & Ward, L. Diffusion tensor imaging changes following mild, moderate and severe adult traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 12, 1607-1621, doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9823-2 (2018).
22 Mondello, S. et al. Blood-based diagnostics of traumatic brain injuries. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 11, 65-78, doi:10.1586/erm.10.104 (2011).
23 Di Battista, A. P., Churchill, N., Rhind, S. G., Richards, D. & Hutchison, M. G. Evidence of a distinct peripheral inflammatory profile in sport-related concussion. J Neuroinflammation 16, 17, doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1402-y (2019).
24 Mazarati, A., Medel-Matus, J. S., Shin, D., Jacobs, J. P. & Sankar, R. Disruption of intestinal barrier and endotoxemia after traumatic brain injury: Implications for post-traumatic epilepsy. Epilepsia, doi:10.1111/epi.16909 (2021).
25 Grande, P. O., Asgeirsson, B. & Nordstrom, C. Aspects on the cerebral perfusion pressure during therapy of a traumatic head injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 110, 36-40, doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb05493.x (1997).
26 Benakis, C. et al. Commensal microbiota affects ischemic stroke outcome by regulating intestinal gammadelta T cells. Nat Med 22, 516-523, doi:10.1038/nm.4068 (2016).
27 Tan, M., Zhu, J. C., Du, J., Zhang, L. M. & Yin, H. H. Effects of probiotics on serum levels of Th1/Th2 cytokine and clinical outcomes in severe traumatic brain-injured patients: a prospective randomized pilot study. Crit Care 15, R290, doi:10.1186/cc10579 (2011).
28 Brenner, L. A. et al. Growing literature but limited evidence: A systematic review regarding prebiotic and probiotic interventions for those with traumatic brain injury and/or posttraumatic stress disorder. Brain Behav Immun 65, 57-67, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.003 (2017).
29 Cenit, M. C., Sanz, Y. & Codoner-Franch, P. Influence of gut microbiota on neuropsychiatric disorders. World J Gastroenterol 23, 5486-5498, doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i30.5486 (2017).
30 Arciniegas, D. B. & McAllister, T. W. Neurobehavioral management of traumatic brain injury in the critical care setting. Crit Care Clin 24, 737-765, viii, doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2008.06.001 (2008).
31 McAllister, T. W. Neurobehavioral sequelae of traumatic brain injury: evaluation and management. World Psychiatry 7, 3-10, doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00139.x (2008).
32 Hoban, A. E. et al. The microbiome regulates amygdala-dependent fear recall. Mol Psychiatry 23, 1134-1144, doi:10.1038/mp.2017.100 (2018).
33 Treangen, T. J., Wagner, J., Burns, M. P. & Villapol, S. Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice Induces Acute Bacterial Dysbiosis Within the Fecal Microbiome. Front Immunol 9, 2757, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02757 (2018).
34 Nygaard, A. B., Tunsjo, H. S., Meisal, R. & Charnock, C. A preliminary study on the potential of Nanopore MinION and Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize building-dust microbiomes. Sci Rep 10, 3209, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59771-0 (2020).
35 Wood, D. E., Lu, J. & Langmead, B. Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2. Genome Biol 20, 257, doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1891-0 (2019).
36 Douglas, G. M. et al. PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions. Nat Biotechnol 38, 685-688, doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0548-6 (2020).
37 Han, M. et al. Stratification of athletes' gut microbiota: the multifaceted hubs associated with dietary factors, physical characteristics and performance. Gut Microbes 12, 1-18, doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1842991 (2020).
38 Ribeiro, F. M., Petriz, B., Marques, G., Kamilla, L. H. & Franco, O. L. Is There an Exercise-Intensity Threshold Capable of Avoiding the Leaky Gut? Front Nutr 8, 627289, doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.627289 (2021).
39 Urban, R. J. et al. Altered Fecal Microbiome Years after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 37, 1037-1051, doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6688 (2020).
40 Nicholson, S. E. et al. Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury Alters the Gastrointestinal Microbiome in a Time-Dependent Manner. Shock 52, 240-248, doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000001211 (2019).
41 Ma, E. L. et al. Bidirectional brain-gut interactions and chronic pathological changes after traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Behav Immun 66, 56-69, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.018 (2017).
42 Mukherjee, A., Lordan, C., Ross, R. P. & Cotter, P. D. Gut microbes from the phylogenetically diverse genus Eubacterium and their various contributions to gut health. Gut Microbes 12, 1802866, doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1802866 (2020).
43 Cattaneo, A. et al. Association of brain amyloidosis with pro-inflammatory gut bacterial taxa and peripheral inflammation markers in cognitively impaired elderly. Neurobiol Aging 49, 60-68, doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.019 (2017).
44 Bojovic, K. et al. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Associated With Altered Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10, 223, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00223 (2020).
45 Brereton, N. J. B., Pitre, F. E. & Gonzalez, E. Reanalysis of the Mars500 experiment reveals common gut microbiome alterations in astronauts induced by long-duration confinement. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 19, 2223-2235, doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.040 (2021).
46 Bazarian, J. J. et al. Classification accuracy of serum Apo A-I and S100B for the diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury and prediction of abnormal initial head computed tomography scan. J Neurotrauma 30, 1747-1754, doi:10.1089/neu.2013.2853 (2013).
47 Zongo, D. et al. S100-B protein as a screening tool for the early assessment of minor head injury. Ann Emerg Med 59, 209-218, doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.07.027 (2012).
48 Kiechle, K. et al. Subject-specific increases in serum S-100B distinguish sports-related concussion from sports-related exertion. PLoS One 9, e84977, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084977 (2014).
49 Meier, T. B. et al. Prospective Assessment of Acute Blood Markers of Brain Injury in Sport-Related Concussion. J Neurotrauma 34, 3134-3142, doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5046 (2017).
50 Gao, X. et al. A "hot Spot"-Enhanced paper lateral flow assay for ultrasensitive detection of traumatic brain injury biomarker S-100beta in blood plasma. Biosens Bioelectron 177, 112967, doi:10.1016/j.bios.2021.112967 (2021).
51 Leviton, A. et al. Early postnatal blood concentrations of inflammation-related proteins and microcephaly two years later in infants born before the 28th post-menstrual week. Early Hum Dev 87, 325-330, doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.01.043 (2011).
52 Aly, H. et al. Serum amyloid A protein and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in the newborn. J Perinatol 31, 263-268, doi:10.1038/jp.2010.130 (2011).
53 Hergenroeder, G. et al. Identification of serum biomarkers in brain-injured adults: potential for predicting elevated intracranial pressure. J Neurotrauma 25, 79-93, doi:10.1089/neu.2007.0386 (2008).
54 Venkataraman, A. et al. Variable responses of human microbiomes to dietary supplementation with resistant starch. Microbiome 4, 33, doi:10.1186/s40168-016-0178-x (2016).
55 Boesmans, L. et al. Butyrate Producers as Potential Next-Generation Probiotics: Safety Assessment of the Administration of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum to Healthy Volunteers. mSystems 3, doi:10.1128/mSystems.00094-18 (2018).
56 Di Pietro, V. et al. Unique diagnostic signatures of concussion in the saliva of male athletes: the Study of Concussion in Rugby Union through MicroRNAs (SCRUM). Br J Sports Med, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103274 (2021).
57 Kilcoyne, K. G. et al. Reported Concussion Rates for Three Division I Football Programs: An Evaluation of the New NCAA Concussion Policy. Sports Health 6, 402-405, doi:10.1177/1941738113491545 (2014).
58 Fujiyoshi, S., Muto-Fujita, A. & Maruyama, F. Evaluation of PCR conditions for characterizing bacterial communities with full-length 16S rRNA genes using a portable nanopore sequencer. Sci Rep 10, 12580, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69450-9 (2020).