Author
|
Period
|
Environment indicator
|
Country/region
|
Methodology
|
Results
|
Eskeland and Harrison (2002)
|
1976-1993
|
|
Mexico, Morocco, Cote d'Ivoire and Venezuela
|
GMM
|
Foreign plants are more proficient and use cleaner energy sources.
|
Al-Mulali and Tang (2013)
|
1980-2009
|
|
GCC Countries
|
Pedroni cointegration test
|
Energy consumption and GDP growth are the cause of pollution.
|
Chang and Hu (2018)
|
2000-2014
|
|
G7 AND BRICS
|
Non-Radial DEA
|
Technology Gap is improving in BRICS countries.
|
Michieka, Fletcher, and Burnett (2013)
|
1970-2010
|
|
China
|
Granger Causality by Toda and Yamamoto
|
Exports Emissions
Coal consumption Exports
Government policies may distress emissions and Exports.
|
Behera and Dash (2017)
|
1980-2012
|
|
17 south and south Asia countries (SSEA)
|
Pedroni cointegration
|
Energy consumption of middle-income counties is increasing the emissions in SSEA countries.
|
Zhou et al. (2018)
|
1981-2013
|
|
5 Developing and five developed countries
|
Panel quantile regression
|
Consequences of energy consumption on emissions are more noteworthy for developed nations than in developing nations.
|
Zakarya et al. (2015)
|
1990-2012
|
|
BRICS
|
(FMOLS), (DOLS), Panel Granger Causality.
|
The long-run association exists between carbon emissions and macro-economic variables.
|
Dong et al. (2018)
|
1993-2016
|
|
China
|
VECM, ARDL bounds
|
All types of energy consumption are a vital source of emissions.
|
Xu (1999)
|
1965-1995
|
-
|
34 countries
|
Kendall's tau-b test
|
Results explain that export quantity of ESGs remained unchanged even after introducing strict environmental regulations by developed countries.
|
Hakimi and Hamdi (2016)
|
1971-2013
|
|
Tunisia and Morocco
|
VECM and cointegration techniques
|
Results show that trade liberalization harms the environment
|
The literature on EKC
|
|
1997-2014
|
|
30 Chinese provinces
|
Dynamic spatial panel model
|
EKC exists in China.
|
Tamazian and Rao (2010)
|
1993-2004
|
|
24 Transition economies
|
GMM
|
EKC exists.
|
Zhu et al. (2016)
|
|
|
ASEAN-5 Countries
|
Fixed effect panel quantile regression
|
EKC does not exist.
|
Liu and Lin (2019)
|
2000-2015
|
Air, water and solid waste pollution
|
China province level
|
Spatial Econometric Analysis
|
Inverted N-shaped association between environment and economic development.
|
Al-Mulali et al. (2015)
|
1980-2008
|
|
93 countries Panel
|
The fixed effect, Random Effect, GMM
|
Inverted U-shaped EKC exists.
|
Cole, Elliott, and Zhang (2011)
|
2001-2004
|
Waste water and petroleum‐like matter, waste gas, sulfur dioxide, soot, and dust
|
112 cities of China
|
Fixed Effect
|
Inverted U-shaped EKC exists.
|
Hao et al. (2018)
|
2006-2016
|
(EQI) A composite index of 9 indicators
|
The panel of China provinces and autonomous regions
|
Spatial panel models
SLM, SEM, SDM
|
An N-shaped correlation exists among environmental quality index and per capita income in China.
|
Neequaye and Oladi (2015)
|
2015
|
N2O, CO2, GHG
|
27 developing countries
|
Instrumented FE model
|
EKC exists between income and emissions and also for GHG (Green House Gases) for energy and industrial sector but does not exist for the waste sector.
|
|
1985-2015
|
SO2
|
China
|
VECM, ARDL
|
Provincial EKC does not exist, so country-wise EKC is probably the result of aggregation bias.
|
|
1985-2005
|
SO2
|
China provincial level data
|
OLS
|
U-shaped EKC exists.
|
Jalil and Mahmud (2009)
|
1975-2005
|
CO2
|
China time-series data
|
The ARDL
|
U-shaped EKC exists.
|
Al-Mulali, Saboori, and Ozturk (2015)
|
1981-2011
|
CO2
|
Vietnam
|
Cointegration, The ARDL
|
The relationship between GDP and per capita emissions does not support the EKC in Vietnam.
|
Ngarambe, Lim, and Kim (2018)
|
|
Light pollution
(light trespass/nuisance)
|
Korea
|
Regression Analysis
|
EKC does not exist in Korea.
|
Wang et al. (2017)
|
2000-2013
|
Industrial emission
|
China provinces
|
the STIRPAT
|
EKC exists in China.
|
Sarkodie and Strezov (2018b)
|
1971-2013
|
|
Australia, China, Ghana, US
|
PMG/ARDL Panel non-causality test, U-test regression
|
The EKC hypothesis exists.
|
Shahbaz et al. (2015)
|
1971-2008
|
|
Portugal
|
The ARDL bounds test
|
Empirical evidence proves the EKC hypothesis in Portugal.
|
Özokcu and Özdemir (2017)
|
1980-2010
|
|
26 OECD Countries &
52 emerging economies
|
Panel data techniques with Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors
|
Inverted N-shaped EKC holds.
|
Salman et al. (2019)
|
1990-2017
|
|
ASEAN countries
|
Quantile regression
|
The EKC hypothesis exists.
|
Allard et al. (2018)
|
1994–2012
|
GHG emissions
|
74 countries
|
Quantile regression
|
N-shaped EKC exists.
|
Apergis et al. (2018)
|
1962–2010
|
|
19 developed economies
|
ARDL
|
EKC hypothesis is valid
|
Destek and Sarkodie (2019)
|
1977-2013
|
Ecological footprint (EE)
|
11 newly industrialized countries
|
augmented mean group (AMG)
|
The EKC is valid.
|
The literature on PHH
|
Hoffmann et al. (2005)
|
1982-2002
|
|
panel data of 112 countries
|
Granger causality analysis
|
PHH does exist.
|
He (2011)
|
1994-2001
|
|
Chinese provincial panel data
|
The dynamic panel data model
|
PHH does exist.
|
Kirkpatrick and Shimamoto (2008)
|
1992-1997
|
air, water and metal discharges
|
Japan
|
Conditional Logit model
|
Results do not support the PHH.
|
Sun, Zhang, and Xu (2017)
|
1980-2012
|
|
China
|
The ARDL
|
The results support the existence of PHH.
|
Xiao (2015)
|
1997-2011
|
Industrial air and water pollutions
|
China
|
Oaxaca decomposition
|
A strict environment law made by the government will reduce the FDI surge considerably. Results Provide evidence for PHH.
|
Zhang and Zhou (2016)
|
1995-2010
|
|
China
|
(STIRPAT) model
|
PHH does not exist.
|
Acharyya (2009)
|
1980-2003
|
|
India
|
cointegration regression,
|
PHH does exist.
|
He and Yao (2017)
|
1995-2008
|
|
China provincial panel
|
NLS (non-linear least-square)
|
Results prove the EKC hypothesis and FDI has a significant effect on EKC, so PHH also holds to some extent.
|
Cole (2004)
|
1980-1997
|
Ten air and water pollutions
|
OECD
|
Ordinary Least Square (OLS)
|
Pollution Haven Hypothesis exists but temporary and limited to specific regions. Results support the inverted u-shaped EKC.
|