3.1 Demographic profiles of respondents
In this study, 375 informants (95 key informants and 280 general informants) were involved. Most of the participants were men (72.3 %) and the rest 27.7 % were women. The age of participants ranges from 22 to 90 with a mean value of 48.5 years. Regarding educational status 60% of the informants were literate and the rest 40% were illiterate. 76% of the respondents were married, 11% were single, 7% were divorced and 6% were widowed.
3.2 Diversity of medicinal plants
The study conducted in Ensaro district recorded 142 medicinal plants (Table 2). These species are distributed across 125 genera and 56 families.
Table 1. List of medicinal plants used for human ailments: scientific name; local name (LN), family; life form (LF); diseases treated (DT); parts use(PU) conditions of use (CU); preparation methods(PM); ingredients added(IA); application methods(AP); routes of administration(RA); not recommended to(NRT) and voucher number
Scientific name
|
LN
|
Family
|
LF
|
DT
|
PU
|
CU
|
PM
|
IA
|
Ap
|
RA
|
NRT
|
Voucher No
|
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
|
Abish
|
Fabaceae
|
H
|
Blood pressure
|
Seeds
|
Dry
|
Powdering and soaking in water
|
Sugar
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
|
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.
|
Ader
|
Fabaceae
|
T
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Vaseline or butter
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0052AA
|
Buddleja polystachya Fresen.
|
Afar
|
Buddlejaceae
|
S
|
Tonsillitis
|
Shoot tips
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00199AA
|
Carissa spinarum L.
|
Agam
|
Apocynaceae
|
S
|
Snakebite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
00201AA
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
Lung affected
|
Eleusine floccifolia (Forssk.) Spreng.
|
Akrima
|
Poaceae
|
H
|
Snakebite
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
0050AA
|
Tragia pungens (Forssk.) Müll.Arg.
|
Aleblabit
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
S
|
Eczema
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
butter
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0045AA
|
Impotence
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Traditional beverages
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Scorpion bite
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
none
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Abutilon longicuspe A.Rich.
|
Amedmado
|
Malvaceae
|
S
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00231AA
|
Cyathula cylindrica Moq.
|
Arefrafo
|
Amaranthaceae
|
H
|
Bleeding
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00197AA
|
CyphoStemma adenocaulis (Steud. ex A.Rich.) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
|
Aserkush tebetebkush
|
Vitaceae
|
H
|
Rabies
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Coffee
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0039AA
|
Wound
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Butter
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
|
Galium aparinoides Forssk.
|
Ashkit
|
Rubiaceae
|
H
|
Wound
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00198AA
|
Datura stramonium L.
|
Astenagrit
|
Solanaceae
|
H
|
Dandruff
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0041AA
|
Verbena officinalis L.
|
Atuch
|
Verbenaceae
|
H
|
Diarrhoea
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00196AA
|
Clematis simensis Fresen.
|
Azo hareg
|
Ranunculaceae
|
C
|
Hemorroids
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00195AA
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Crushing
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Powdering
|
Salt
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Eczema
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Crushing
|
Butter
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Ficus palmata Forssk.
|
Beles
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
S
|
Wound
|
Stem bark
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0026AA
|
Capsicum annuum L.
|
Berberie
|
Solanaceae
|
H
|
Scorpion bite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00235AA
|
Typhoid
|
Fruits
|
F/D
|
Powdering/Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak.
|
Birbira
|
Fabaceae
|
T
|
Eczema
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Butter
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00193AA
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Del.
|
Bisana
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
T
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0025AA
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Mitch
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Boiling in water
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl.
|
Chat
|
Celastraceae
|
S
|
Snakebite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
none
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
0024AA
|
Premna schimperi Engl.
|
Checho
|
Lamiaceae
|
S
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0023AA
|
Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex A.Rich.
|
Chifrig
|
Malvaceae
|
H
|
“Likft” (devil illness)
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
0016AA
|
Cellulitis
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.
|
Chiqugn
|
Asteraceae
|
H
|
Evil eye
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
00117AA
|
Plectranthus cylindraceus Hochst. ex Benth.
|
Dachet
|
Lamiaceae
|
H
|
wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Heating
|
None
|
Wrapping
|
Dermal
|
|
00225AA
|
Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth.
|
Damakessie
|
Lamiaceae
|
S
|
Mitch
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Boiling in water
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
0032AA
|
Euclea divinorum Hiern
|
Dedeho
|
Ebenaceae
|
S
|
Wound
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Wrapping
|
Dermal
|
|
003AA
|
Solanum villosum Mill.
|
Derekus
|
Solanaceae
|
S
|
Eye disease
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing and squeezing
|
None
|
Dropping
|
Optical
|
|
002AA
|
Acacia etbaica Schweinf.
|
Derie
|
Fabaceae
|
T
|
Scabies
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0047AA
|
Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth.
|
Digita
|
Fabaceae
|
S
|
Jaundice
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering and baking with Eragrostis tef
|
None
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
Pregnant women and children
|
0018AA
|
Diarrhea
|
leaves
|
F
|
Crushing and boiling
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Rabies
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering and baking
|
Eragrostis tef
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
Coriandrum sativum L.
|
Dinbilal
|
Apiaceae
|
H
|
Blood pressure
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering and boiling
|
Coffee
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0044AA
|
Taverniera abyssinica A. Rich.
|
Dingetegna
|
Fabaceae
|
H
|
“Megagna”( unidentified
gastrointestinal disorder)
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
|
Ferula communis L.
|
Dog
|
Apiaceae
|
H
|
Diarrhoea
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0017AA
|
Syzygium guineense (Wild.) DC.
|
Doqima
|
Myrtaceae
|
T
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
0015AA
|
Rumex nervosus Vahl
|
Embuacho
|
Polygonaceae
|
S
|
Circumcise infection
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0064AA
|
Delayed placenta
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Evil eye
|
Shoot tips
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Kalanchoe marmorata Baker
|
Enchibchubit
|
Crassulaceae
|
H
|
Tumor
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Heating
|
None
|
Wrapping
|
Dermal
|
|
00215AA
|
Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich.
|
Endahahula
|
Crassulaceae
|
H
|
Tumor
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Heating
|
None
|
Wrapping
|
Dermal
|
|
00190AA
|
Phytolacca dodecandra L' Her.
|
Mekan endod
|
Phytolaccaceae
|
S
|
Rabies
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Milk
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
008AA
|
Abortion
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Leprosy
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing and soaking in water
|
Salt
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Jaundice
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering
|
“Injera”
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
Pregnant women
|
Syphilis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Ximenia americana L.
|
Enkoy
|
Olacaceae
|
T
|
Jaundice
|
Leaves/stem bark
|
F /D
|
Crushing /powdering
|
Water
|
Drinking / smearing
|
Oral/dermal
|
Children
|
00116AA
|
Foeniculum vulgare Mill
|
Ensilal
|
Apiaceae
|
H
|
“Mognbagegn” (Anthrax)
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00188AA
|
Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm.) Iwarsson var. raineriana
|
Eras kebdo
|
Lamiaceae
|
S
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0079AA
|
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen
|
Este-menahie
|
Polygalaceae
|
S
|
“Megagna” ( unidentified
gastrointestinal disorder)
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
00189AA
|
Mitch
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Andrachne aspera Spreng.
|
Este-tekezie
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
H
|
Eczema
|
Root
|
F/D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Tonsillitis
|
Root
|
F/D
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Snakebite
|
Root
|
F/D
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
Pregnant women
|
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC.
|
Etse hayu este yikestil
|
Asteraceae
|
H
|
Impotence
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
004AA
|
Polygala abyssinica R.Br. ex Fresen.
|
Etse libona
|
Polygalaceae
|
H
|
Snakebite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
Pregnant women
|
001AA
|
Lepidium sativum L.
|
Feto
|
Brassicaceae
|
H
|
Mitch
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering and boiling
|
Coffee
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00187AA
|
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. and Spach.
|
Fyelefech
|
Peraceae
|
S
|
Diarrhoea
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Coffee
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0053AA
|
Dandruff
|
Leaves
|
F/D
|
Crushing/powdering
|
Butter/Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.
|
Geba
|
Rhamnaceae
|
T
|
Abdominal pain
|
Stem bark
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
0049AA
|
scorpion bite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Wrapping
|
Dermal
|
|
Snakebite
|
Stem bark/Root bark
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Diarrhoea
|
Stem bark
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Solanum marginatum L. f.
|
Geber embuay
|
Solanaceae
|
S
|
Scabies
|
Fruit
|
F
|
unprocessed plan
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0080AA
|
Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Penzig
|
Geram tunjit
|
Lamiaceae
|
S
|
Abdominal pain after birth
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0027AA
|
Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn
|
Gim hareg/yewusha fes/
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
C
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Lemon fruit juice
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00209AA
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Delayed placenta
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Psydrax schimperiana (A.Rich.) Bridson
|
Gimie seged
|
Rubiaceae
|
S
|
Snakebite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0046AA
|
CyphoStemma cyphopetalum (Fresen.) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
|
Gindosh
|
Vitaceae
|
H
|
Snakebite
|
Stem/root barks
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
Permanent women
|
0069AA
|
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
|
Gizewa
|
Solanaceae
|
H
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
0013AA
|
“Megagna”( unidentified
gastrointestinal disorder)
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Mitch
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Inula confertiflora A. Rich.
|
Gobez teqes
|
Asteraceae
|
S
|
Eye disease
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing and squeezing
|
None
|
dropping
|
Optical
|
|
0063AA
|
Rabies
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Jaundice
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Vernonia amygdalina Del.
|
Grawa
|
Asteraceae
|
S
|
“Megagna” (unidentified
gastrointestinal disorder)
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Washing the body
|
Dermal
|
|
00103AA
|
Senna singueana (Del.) Lock
|
Gufa
|
Fabaceae
|
S
|
Jaundice
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0020AA
|
Abdominal pain
|
Stem bark
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Snakebite
|
Stem bark
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Ricinus communis L.
|
Gulo
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
H
|
Eye disease
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Dropping
|
Optical
|
|
00186AA
|
Wound
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Infant dysentery
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Washing
|
Dermal
|
|
Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.
|
Gumero
|
Fabaceae
|
S
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
00146AA
|
Excessive bleeding of menstruation
|
Leaves
|
F/D
|
Powdering
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Zehneria scabra Sond.
|
Hareg eresa
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
C
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00145AA
|
Scabies
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Excessive bleeding of menstruation
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Likft (devil illness)
|
whole part
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Mitch
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Washing
|
Dermal
|
|
Salvia nilotica Jacq.
|
Hulgeb
|
Lamiaceae
|
H
|
Mitch
|
whole part
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0031AA
|
Tonsillitis
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
When insects entered ears
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing and squeezing
|
None
|
Dropping
|
Dermal
|
|
Abdominal pain
|
whole part
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Excessive bleeding of menstruation
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Wrapping on hip
|
Dermal
|
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Diarrhoea
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Lemon fruit
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Solanum dulcamara L.
|
Karya mesel yekusil medhanit
|
Solanaceae
|
H
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00183AA
|
Myrsine africana L.
|
Kechemo
|
Myrsinaceae
|
S
|
Taeniasis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
006AA
|
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
|
Kinchib
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
S
|
Wound
|
Epiphyte
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00182AA
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Hemorroids
|
Latex
|
F
|
Squeezing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Dodonaea angustifolia L. f.
|
Kitkita
|
Sapindaceae
|
S
|
Eczema
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00133AA
|
Fire burn
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan
|
Kontir
|
Fabaceae
|
S
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
Other medicinal plants
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
00181AA
|
Urera hypselodendron (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Wedd.
|
Lanquso
|
Utricaceae
|
S
|
Wound
|
Stem bark
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00180AA
|
Grewia ferruginea Hochst. ex A.Rich.
|
lenquata
|
Malvaceae
|
S
|
Dandruff
|
Stem bark
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00179AA
|
Wound
|
Stem bark
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms
|
Leslasa hareg
|
Passifloraceae
|
C
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00111AA
|
Malva parviflora L.
|
Lut nechu
|
Malvaceae
|
H
|
Abdominal pain
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00115AA
|
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.
|
Lut qeyu
|
Polygonaceae
|
H
|
Snakebite
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
00127AA
|
“Megagna” (unidentified
gastrointestinal disorder)
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Abdominal pain
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing and squeezing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq.
|
Meqmeqo
|
Polygonaceae
|
H
|
Asthma
|
Rhizome
|
D
|
Powdering and boiling
|
Honey
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00178AA
|
Blood pressure
|
Rhizome
|
D
|
Powdering and boiling
|
Tea
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Embelia schimperi Vatke
|
Meterie
|
Myrsinaceae
|
S
|
Taeniasis
|
Fruit
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Guizotia abyssinica and “injera”
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
00175AA
|
Arisaema schimperianum schott
|
Milas golgul
|
Araceae
|
C
|
Snakebite
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
00208AA
|
Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Schweinf.
|
Mirez
|
Apocynaceae
|
S
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering
|
None
|
Sniffing
|
Nasal
|
|
00102AA
|
Epilepsy
|
Root
|
F/D
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Jaundice
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
Pregnant women
|
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) R.Br. ex Vatke
|
Misirich
|
Verbenaceae
|
S
|
Jaundice
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing and squeezing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00101AA
|
Circumcise infection
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F/D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Duranta erecta L.
|
Muatosh
|
Verbenaceae
|
S
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Salt
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00130AA
|
Snowdenia polystachya (Fresen.) Pilg.
|
Muja
|
Poaceae
|
H
|
Retained placenta
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00177AA
|
Wound
|
Aerial part
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Albizia anthelmintica Brongn.
|
Musina
|
Fabaceae
|
S
|
Taeniasis
|
Stem bark
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Sesam and “injera”
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
0097AA
|
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell
|
Nech atat
|
Celastraceae
|
S
|
dog bite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0021AA
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
|
Nech bahir zaf
|
Myrtaceae
|
T
|
Mitch
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Boiling
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
00712AA
|
Cough
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Boiling
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Allium sativum L.
|
Nech shinkurt
|
Amaryllidaceae
|
H
|
Malaria
|
Bulb
|
F/D
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
00171AA
|
Scabies
|
Bulb
|
F/D
|
Crushing
|
Salt and butter
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
“Mognbagegn” (disease anthrax)
|
Bulb
|
F/D
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
Blood pressure
|
Bulb
|
F/D
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
Typhoid
|
Bulb
|
F/D
|
Cutting in to pieces
|
Soaking in water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Abdominal pain
|
Bulb
|
F/D
|
Unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
Hemorroids
|
Bulb
|
F/D
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Echinops kebericho Mesfin
|
Qebericho
|
Asteraceae
|
H
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
00169AA
|
Calotropis procera (Ait) Ait. f.
|
Qebo
|
Asclepiadaceae
|
S
|
Wart
|
Latex
|
F
|
unprocessed latex
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0093AA
|
Kanahia laniflora (Forssk.) R.Br.
|
Qechinie
|
Apocynaceae
|
S
|
Snakebite
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed root
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
00212AA
|
Allium cepa L.
|
Qey shinkurt
|
Amaryllidaceae
|
H
|
Blood pressure
|
Bulb
|
F/D
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00168AA
|
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.
|
Qil
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
C
|
Dandruff
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00166AA
|
Jaundice
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
Pregnant women
|
Dysentery in infants
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Euphorbia abyssinica J.F.Gmel.
|
Qulqual bale demu
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
S
|
Herpes zoster
|
Stem juice
|
D
|
Heating and Powdering
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00167AA
|
Malaria
|
Stem juice
|
F
|
Baking
|
traditional food (injera)
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
Pregnant women
|
Leishmaniasis
|
Stem juice
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Schinus molle L.
|
qundo berberie
|
Anacardiaceae
|
T
|
Ascariasis
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Wrapping on abdomen
|
Dermal
|
Pregnant women
|
00163AA
|
“Mognbagegn”(Anthrax)
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering and boiling in water
|
None
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
Urtica simensis Hochst. ex A.Rich.
|
Sama
|
Utricaceae
|
H
|
Stomach-ache
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Roasting
|
Water
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
00162AA
|
Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anderson
|
Sensel
|
Acanthaceae
|
S
|
Hemorroids
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0078AA
|
Likft (devil illness)
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Jaundice
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Lemon and milk
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
Pregnant women and childern
|
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon
|
Serdo
|
Poaceae
|
H
|
Rh-factor
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Bread
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
00131AA
|
Aloe pulcherrima Gilbert & Sebsebe
|
Setie eret
|
Aloaceae
|
H
|
Eye disease
|
Latex
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Dropping
|
Optical
|
|
00128AA
|
Malaria
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Traditional beverages
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Stomach-ache
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Traditional beverages
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Snakebite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Entada abyssinica A.Rich.
|
Sheferie
|
Fabaceae
|
T
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0066AA
|
Snakebite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Arundo donax L.
|
Shembeqo
|
Poaceae
|
H
|
Snakebite
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed root
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
00161AA
|
Moringa oleifera Lam.
|
Shiferaw
|
Moringaceae
|
T
|
Blood pressure
|
Leaves
|
F/D
|
Crushing and boiling
|
Tea
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0067AA
|
Pennisetum thunbergii Kunth
|
Sindedo
|
Poaceae
|
H
|
Rh-factor
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and baking with bread
|
None
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
00160AA
|
Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex C.Krauss
|
Taqima
|
Anacardiaceae
|
S
|
Scabies
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
009AA
|
Cellulitis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Jasminum abyssinicum Hochets. Ex DC.
|
Tebelel
|
Oleaceae
|
S
|
Snakebite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0082AA
|
Hemorroids
|
Stem
|
F
|
Heating
|
None
|
Heating
|
Dermal
|
|
Jaundice
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Milk
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
Children
|
Taeniasis
|
Leaves
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Eye disease
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing and squeezing
|
None
|
Dropping
|
Optical
|
|
Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter
|
Tef
|
Poaceae
|
H
|
Rabies
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Baking Lepidium sativum
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
|
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf
|
Tej sar
|
Poaceae
|
H
|
“Mognbagegn” (Anthrax)
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00158AA
|
Linum usitatissimum L.
|
Telba
|
Linaceae
|
H
|
Diarrhoea
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0076AA
|
Intestinal strangulation
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Achyranthes aspera L
|
Telenj
|
Amaranthaceae
|
S
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0077AA
|
Ruta chalepensis L.
|
Tenadam
|
Rutaceae
|
H
|
Abdominal pain
|
Leaves/fruits
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
Tea
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0081AA
|
Symphytum officinale L.
|
Tenkul
|
Boraginaceae
|
H
|
Eye disease
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Squeezing
|
None
|
Dropping
|
Optical
|
|
0062AA
|
Excessive bleeding of menstruation
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Nicotiana tabacum L.
|
Tinbaho
|
Solanaceae
|
H
|
Snakebite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00157AA
|
Leech
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Otostegia integrifolia Benth.
|
Tinjut
|
Lamiaceae
|
S
|
Evil eye
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
00137AA
|
“Megagna” (unidentified
gastrointestinal disorder)
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Snakebite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Euphorbia cactus Boiss.
|
Tinshuwa qoleqol
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
S
|
Leishmaniasis
|
Latex
|
F
|
Squeezing
|
Mixing with dough
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0034AA
|
Maytenus arbutifolia (A. Rich.) Wilczek
|
Tiqur atat
|
Celastraceae
|
S
|
Abdominal pain
|
Stem bark
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
0035AA
|
Solanum nigrum Acerbi ex Dunal
|
Tiqur awut
|
Solanaceae
|
H
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00118AA
|
Nigella sativa L.
|
Tiqur azmud
|
Ranunculaceae
|
H
|
Cough
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Boiling with butter
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
|
Prunus africana Hook. f. Kalkm.
|
Tiqur enchet
|
Podocarpaceae
|
T
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
00156AA
|
Cordia Africana Lam.
|
Wanza
|
Boraginaceae
|
T
|
Fire burn
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Crushing
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0075AA
|
Ficus vasta Forssk
|
Warka
|
Moraceae
|
T
|
Evil eye
|
Stem bark
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
0092AA
|
Silene macrosolen A. Rich.
|
Wogert
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
H
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
00155AA
|
Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) Cif.
|
Woira
|
Oleaceae
|
T
|
Hemorroids
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00100AA
|
Vomiting
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Mixing with Lepidium sativum and water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle
|
Yabesha lomi
|
Rutaceae
|
S
|
Cellulitis
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00154AA
|
Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl.
|
Yabesha tid
|
Cupressaceae
|
T
|
Vomiting
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Tea
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0088AA
|
Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.
|
Yahya joro
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
H
|
Snakebite
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
00153AA
|
Evil eye
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Wound
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Tropical ulcer
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Wart
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Heating
|
None
|
Heating
|
Dermal
|
|
Impans tinctoria A.Rich.
|
Yebereha shimbra
|
Balsaminaceae
|
H
|
Snakebite
|
Root
|
F
|
Unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
Pregnant women
|
00220AA
|
Brucea antidysenterica J.F.Mill.
|
Yenebir tifir
|
Simaroubaceae
|
S
|
Leishmaniasis
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Baking with dough
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
005AA
|
Xanthium oriental L.
|
Yejema qitel
|
Asteraceae
|
H
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Butter
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00152AA
|
Scabies
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Butter
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Commicarpus plumbagineus (Cav.) Standl.
|
Yejib chama
|
Nyctaginaceae
|
H
|
Snakebite
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
0018AA
|
Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich
|
Yemdir embuay
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
C
|
Abdominal pain
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0011AA
|
Swelling on the body
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Snakebite
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Rickets
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Wrapping
|
Dermal
|
|
Infant dysentery
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Wrapping
|
Dermal
|
|
Vomiting
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Retained placenta
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Cellulitis
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.
|
Yequsil medhanit
|
Lamiaceae
|
H
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0058AA
|
Berberis holstii Engl.
|
Yeset af
|
Berberidaceae
|
S
|
Evil eye
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
00150AA
|
Solanecio gigas (Vatke) C. Jeffrey
|
Yeshikoko gomen
|
Asteraceae
|
S
|
Diarrhoea
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Wrapping
|
Dermal
|
|
00112AA
|
Sorghum bicolor Moench
|
Zengada
|
Poaceae
|
H
|
Diarrhoea
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Boiling with coffee
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00149AA
|
Solanum anguivi Lam.
|
Zerch embuay
|
Solanaceae
|
S
|
Blemish
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0061AA
|
Wound
|
Fruit
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
Impotence
|
Root
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Traditional beverages
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|
Zinjibil
|
Zingiberaceae
|
H
|
Cough
|
Root
|
F/D
|
Crushing and boiling
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00148AA
|
Satureja punctata R.Br.
|
Este-meaza/lomi kesie
|
Lamiaceae
|
H
|
Snakebite
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
007AA
|
Diarrhoea
|
Root
|
F
|
unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Chewing
|
Oral
|
|
Evil eye
|
Whole part
|
D
|
Powdering and smoking
|
None
|
Inhaling
|
Nasal
|
|
Asparagus africanus Lam.
|
Seriti
|
Asparagaceae
|
S
|
Impotence
|
Root
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Traditional beverages
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
0074AA
|
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
|
Sinign
|
Amaranthaceae
|
H
|
“Mognbagegn”(Anthrax)
|
Leaves
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00217AA
|
Carica papaya L.
|
Papaya
|
Caricaceae
|
S
|
Ascariasis
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00232AA
|
Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.
|
Nug
|
Asteraceae
|
H
|
Cough
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Boiling with butter
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00170AA
|
Lens culinaris Medik.
|
Misir
|
Fabaceae
|
H
|
Herpes zoster
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Roasting in water
|
None
|
Eating
|
Oral
|
|
0099AA
|
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.
|
Leteqatele sewunet
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
H
|
Fire burn
|
Whole part
|
F
|
Squeezing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00232AA
|
Rhamnus prinoides L'Hér.
|
Gesho
|
Rhamnaceae
|
S
|
Scabies
|
Seeds
|
D
|
Powdering
|
Vaseline
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00233AA
|
Rickets
|
Shoot tips
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Mixing with Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina and mixing with wate
|
Smearing the body
|
Dermal
|
|
Lippia adoenis Hochst.
|
Yelam kessie
|
Verbenaceae
|
S
|
Eye diseases
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Dropping
|
Optical
|
|
0073AA
|
Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & Wood
|
Wonz admiq
|
Urticaceae
|
S
|
Jaundice
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Baking with injera
|
Eating with green pepper
|
Oral
|
|
0098AA
|
Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl.
|
Yejib mirkuz
|
Apiaceae
|
S
|
Diarrhoea
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
00151AA
|
Salix mucronata Thunb.
|
Akeya
|
Salicaceae
|
S
|
Tooth-ache
|
Stem
|
F
|
Unprocessed plant
|
None
|
Holding on teeth
|
Oral
|
|
0051AA
|
Rabies
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
Water
|
Drinking
|
Oral
|
|
Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan
|
Qentefa
|
Fabaceae
|
S
|
Circumcision wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0091AA
|
Rubus steudneri Schweinf.
|
Enjori
|
Rosaceae
|
S
|
Swelling on the body
|
Leaves and fruits
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
00234AA
|
Scorpiurus muricatus L
|
Worteb
|
Fabaceae
|
H
|
Wound
|
Leaves
|
F
|
Crushing
|
None
|
Smearing
|
Dermal
|
|
0048AA
|
Twenty-nine medicinal plant families were represented by two or more species, while 27 families were represented by only a single species each. Fabaceae was the dominant family contributed by 14 species (9.9%) followed by Lamiaceae and Solanaceae represented by nine species each. Therefore, about 81% of the families are represented by more than one species (Table 2).
Table 2.Diversity of medicinal plants in each plant family
No.
|
Families
|
Number of species
|
Percentage
|
1
|
Fabaceae
|
14
|
9.9
|
|
2
|
Lamiaceae
|
9
|
6.3
|
|
3
|
Solanaceae
|
9
|
6.3
|
|
4
|
Asteraceae
|
8
|
5.6
|
|
5
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
8
|
5.6
|
|
6
|
Poaceae
|
8
|
5.6
|
|
7
|
Apiaceae
|
4
|
2.8
|
|
8
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
4
|
2.8
|
|
9
|
Malvaceae
|
4
|
2.8
|
|
10
|
Verbenaceae
|
4
|
2.8
|
|
11
|
Amaranthaceae
|
3
|
2.1
|
|
12
|
Apocynaceae
|
3
|
2.1
|
|
13
|
Celastraceae
|
3
|
2.1
|
|
14
|
Polygonaceae
|
3
|
2.1
|
|
15
|
Urticaceae
|
3
|
2.1
|
|
16
|
Amaryllidaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
17
|
Anacardiaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
18
|
Boraginaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
19
|
Crassulaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
20
|
Myrsinaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
21
|
Myrtaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
22
|
Oleaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
23
|
Polygalaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
24
|
Ranunculaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
25
|
Rhamnaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
26
|
Rubiaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
27
|
Rutaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
28
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
29
|
Vitaceae
|
2
|
1.4
|
|
30
|
The rest
|
27
|
19
|
|
|
Total
|
142
|
100.0
|
|
3.3 Life forms and habitats of medicinal plants
The majority of medicinal plants (122) were collected from wild habitats (85.9%) and with herbs accounted (42.3%) followed by shrubs (41.5%), trees (11.3%), and least represented by climbers (6%). The rest of the 20 medicinal plants were cultivated in the home garden (Figure 2).
3.4 Parts of medicinal plants used for remedy preparation
The study revealed that diverse types of plant parts were used to treat various ailments either in combination or alone. The analysis of collected information showed that leaves were the widely used plant parts that accounted for 119 (45.4%) followed by root 74 (28.2), Seed (6.9) and the rest all accounted 19.5%, epiphytes, and whole parts are the least used for remedy preparation (Table 3 ).
Table 3.Medicinal plant parts used to prepare traditional medicines in Ensaro district
No
|
Parts used
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
1
|
Leaves
|
119
|
45.4
|
2
|
Root
|
74
|
28.2
|
3
|
Seeds
|
18
|
6.9
|
4
|
Stem bark
|
14
|
5.3
|
5
|
Bulb
|
8
|
3.1
|
6
|
Fruit
|
6
|
2.3
|
7
|
Whole part
|
5
|
1.9
|
8
|
Latex
|
4
|
1.5
|
9
|
Shoot tips
|
3
|
1.1
|
10
|
Stem juice
|
3
|
1.1
|
11
|
Rhizome
|
2
|
0.8
|
12
|
Root bark
|
2
|
0.8
|
13
|
Stem
|
2
|
0.8
|
14
|
Aerial part
|
1
|
0.4
|
15
|
Epiphyte
|
1
|
0.4
|
|
Total
|
262
|
100.0
|
3.5 Plant conditions for preparation
Medicines were prepared in fresh, dry, or both dry and fresh conditions of plant parts. The Marjory of traditional herbal medicines prepared in fresh form (63%), followed by dry form (30%) (Figure 3).
3.6 Methods of medicine preparation
Table 4 Depicts the different types of traditional remedy preparations from medicinal plant parts. The main preparation method was crushing of the fresh or dried plant materials that accounted for 43.6%, followed by unprocessed plant 17.4 % and powdering (16.2 %).
Table 4.Traditional healers use different ways to prepare medicines from medicinal plants
No
|
Preparation methods
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
1
|
Crushing
|
113
|
43.6
|
2
|
Unprocessed
|
45
|
17.4
|
3
|
Powdering
|
42
|
16.2
|
4
|
Powdering and smoking
|
27
|
10.4
|
5
|
Crushing and squeezing
|
6
|
2.3
|
6
|
Heating
|
5
|
1.9
|
7
|
Powdering and boiling
|
5
|
1.9
|
8
|
Boiling
|
4
|
1.5
|
9
|
Powdering and baking
|
4
|
1.5
|
10
|
Squeezing
|
4
|
1.5
|
11
|
Roasting
|
2
|
0.8
|
12
|
Heating and Powdering
|
1
|
0.4
|
13
|
Powdering and soaking in water
|
1
|
0.4
|
|
Total
|
259
|
100.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.7 Methods of treatments
This study reported a wide range of traditional remedy applications. Smearing was the most common, accounting for 85 (32.9 percent), followed by drinking (26.0 percent) (Table 5)
Table 5.Methods of applications
No
|
Methods of applications
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
-
|
Smearing
|
85
|
32.9
|
-
|
Drinking
|
67
|
26.0
|
-
|
Chewing
|
33
|
12.8
|
-
|
Inhaling
|
32
|
12.4
|
-
|
Eating
|
16
|
6.2
|
-
|
Wrapping
|
10
|
3.9
|
-
|
dropping
|
8
|
3.1
|
-
|
Washing
|
3
|
1.2
|
-
|
Heating
|
2
|
0.8
|
-
|
Holding on teeth
|
1
|
0.4
|
-
|
Sniffing
|
1
|
0.4
|
Total
|
258
|
100.0
|
3.8 Routes of administration and dosage
The current study indicated the different routes for the applications of traditional herbal medicines for the treatment of various types of human ailments and diseases. Oral administration is the most used route 117(45.3%) which followed by the dermal application while the optical route is the least used organ 101 (39.1%) Figure 4.
3.9 Human diseases treated by medicinal plants in the study area
In the present study district, 52 human diseases being treated by traditional herbal medicines. Table 6 indicates that most ailments are treated by more than one medicinal plant species. For example, cellulitis (contact dermatitis) treated by Dichrostachys cinerea, Premna schimperii, Zehneria scabra, Maytenus senegalensis and Rhus natalensis.
Table 6. Human diseases treated by medicinal plants in Ensaro district
No
|
Ailments
|
Frequency
|
Number of medicinal plants
used to treat
|
- .
|
Cellulitis
|
90
|
18
|
-
|
Snakebite
|
79
|
23
|
-
|
Evil eye
|
77
|
21
|
-
|
Scabies
|
63
|
7
|
-
|
"Likft"(devil illness)
|
56
|
3
|
-
|
Mitch
|
47
|
8
|
-
|
Scorpion bite
|
43
|
3
|
-
|
Herpes zoster
|
41
|
2
|
-
|
Leishmaniasis
|
33
|
3
|
-
|
Epilepsy
|
31
|
1
|
-
|
Dandruff
|
30
|
4
|
-
|
Taeniasis
|
29
|
4
|
-
|
Abdominal pain
|
24
|
10
|
-
|
Wound
|
23
|
25
|
-
|
Eczema
|
23
|
5
|
-
|
Diarrhea
|
21
|
11
|
-
|
Blemish
|
20
|
1
|
-
|
Jaundice
|
19
|
11
|
-
|
“Megagna” (unidentified
gastrointestinal disorder)
|
19
|
6
|
-
|
Dysentery in infants
|
17
|
3
|
-
|
Tumor
|
15
|
4
|
-
|
Delayed placenta
|
15
|
2
|
-
|
Retained placenta
|
15
|
2
|
-
|
Rickets
|
13
|
2
|
-
|
Hemorrhoids
|
9
|
6
|
-
|
Intestinal strangulation
|
8
|
1
|
-
|
Rabies
|
7
|
6
|
-
|
Cough
|
7
|
4
|
-
|
Tonsillitis
|
7
|
3
|
-
|
Impotence
|
6
|
4
|
-
|
Circumcise infection
|
6
|
3
|
-
|
Stomach-ache
|
6
|
2
|
-
|
Bleeding
|
6
|
1
|
-
|
Rh-factor
|
5
|
2
|
-
|
Abortion
|
5
|
1
|
-
|
“Mognbagegn” (Anthrax)
|
4
|
5
|
-
|
Dog bite
|
4
|
1
|
-
|
Blood pressure
|
3
|
6
|
-
|
Excessive bleeding of
menstruation
|
3
|
4
|
-
|
Malaria
|
3
|
3
|
-
|
Wart
|
3
|
2
|
-
|
Leech
|
3
|
1
|
-
|
Eye disease
|
2
|
7
|
-
|
Typhoid
|
2
|
2
|
-
|
Asthma
|
2
|
1
|
-
|
Leprosy
|
2
|
1
|
-
|
Syphilis
|
2
|
1
|
-
|
Fire burn
|
1
|
3
|
-
|
Vomiting
|
1
|
3
|
-
|
Ascariasis
|
1
|
2
|
-
|
Tooth-ache
|
1
|
1
|
-
|
Tropical ulcer
|
1
|
1
|
-
Preference ranking
The five most reported medicinal plants for effective treatment of cellulitis that reported frequently in the study area were selected for preference ranking exercise. Ten key informants were asked to rank the given medicinal plants based on their usefulness. They were also asked to give numbers 5 for effective and 1 for the less effective medicinal plants. As the result, Dichrostachys cinerea was ranked first and Zehneria scabra ranked second whereas Rhus natalensis was ranked last (
Table 7).
Table 7. Preference ranking of medicinal plants used for the treatment of cellulitis (skin contact dermatitis)
Name of medicinal plants
|
Informants from (A-J)
|
Total
|
Rank
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
E
|
F
|
G
|
H
|
I
|
J
|
|
|
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
4
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
46
|
1st
|
Clematis simensis Fresen.
|
3
|
5
|
3
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
26
|
4th
|
Premna schimperii Engl.
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
2
|
3
|
34
|
3rd
|
Zehneria scabra Sond.
|
5
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
35
|
2nd
|
Rhus natalensis Bernh.
|
2
|
4
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
25
|
5th
|
-
Fidelity level
To identify the most preferred medicinal plant species used to treat certain ailments in the study area. Hence, Ocimum lamiifolium, Albizia anthelmintica, Phytolacca dodecandra, Dichrostachys cinerea, Andrachne aspera Spreng, Psydrax schimperiana, Emilia sonchifolia, Clematis simensis, Calpurnia aurea, Silene macrosolen and Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen had the highest fidelity level values that used as a sign of their healing potential in the study area (Table 8 ).
Table 8.The relative healing potential of the 14 most cited medicinal plants used against human diseases
Disease categories
|
Species
|
Ip
|
Iu
|
Fidelity level
|
Mitch
|
Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth.
|
6
|
6
|
100
|
Taeniasis
|
Albizia anthelmintica Brongn.
|
23
|
23
|
100
|
Rabies
|
Phytolacca dodecandra L' Her.
|
26
|
27
|
96.3
|
Cellulitis
|
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.
|
21
|
22
|
95.5
|
Snakebite
|
Andrachne aspera Spreng
|
17
|
18
|
94.4
|
Impotence
|
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC.
|
12
|
14
|
85.7
|
Haemorrhoids
|
Clematis simensis Fresen.
|
21
|
25
|
84
|
Jaundice
|
Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth.
|
31
|
37
|
83.8
|
Likfit
|
Silene macrosolen Steud. ex A. Rich.
|
15
|
18
|
83.3
|
Evil eye
|
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen
|
12
|
15
|
80
|
Diarrhoea
|
Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich.
|
19
|
25
|
76
|
Tonsillitis
|
Salvia nilotica Jacq.
|
38
|
50
|
76
|
Wound
|
Achyranthes aspera L. var. procera Fiori
|
13
|
18
|
72.2
|
-
Direct matrix ranking
In addition to food values, the local people used the plants for other different purposes such as fuelwood, fence, house construction, medicine, farm implements, and furniture. The result of direct matrix ranking revealed that Cordia Africana, Ziziphus spina-christi, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Juniperus procera, Millettia ferruginea, Eucalyptus globulus, Rubus apetalus, Carissa spinarum, Dichrostachys cinerea were ranked first to ninth, respectively. Similarly, the seven use-values reported on six selected plant species were summed up and ranked and, the result showed that fuelwood collection, fence, farm implements, house construction, medicine, fodder, food were ranked first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh, respectively (Table 9).
Table 9.Direct matrix ranking of six plant species by twelve informants based on seven use criteria (5= best; 4= very good; 3=good; 2= less used; 1=least used and 0= no value)
Species
|
Use diversity
|
Medicine
|
Fuelwood
|
Fence
|
Farm implements
|
House construction
|
Fodder
|
Food
|
total
|
Rank
|
Dichrostachys cinerea
|
3
|
2
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
12
|
9th
|
Carissa spinarum
|
3
|
1
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
3
|
13
|
8th
|
Millettia ferruginea
|
3
|
3
|
1
|
5
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
18
|
5th
|
Rubus apetalus
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
3
|
14
|
7th
|
Ziziphus spina-christi
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
25
|
2nd
|
Eucalyptus globulus
|
1
|
4
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
11
|
6th
|
Cordia Africana
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
3
|
3
|
27
|
1st
|
Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata
|
4
|
5
|
3
|
5
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
22
|
3rd
|
Juniperus procera
|
1
|
5
|
3
|
5
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
19
|
4th
|
Total
|
23
|
30
|
28
|
27
|
25
|
14
|
13
|
|
|
Rank
|
5th
|
1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
4th
|
6th
|
7th
|
|
|