Study Design
The study is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label controlled trial. A flowchart is shown in Fig. 1. Patients with IVH will be randomly assigned (1:1) to endoscopic group and EVD group.
Sample Size Calculation
The sample size calculation results in a requirement of 956 patients. The primary efficacy analysis of overall survival is performed with the log-rank test with a significance level of 0.05. Based on previous studies and our own experience, we assume a 1-year overall survival rate of 70% (mortality rate of 30%) in both the reference group and the new surgical group. We plan for the trial to show non-inferiority of new surgical method to the conventional method with a hazard ratio (HR) margin of 1.3[21, 22]. With a planned enrollment period of 2 years and a 1-year follow-up phase, and accounting for a potential dropout rate of 5%, 956 patients (478 in each group) are needed to be enrolled, which ensured a power of 80%.
Patient Recruitment
We plan to recruit 956 patients from four hospitals in different regions of China (Jinling Hospital, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, and Shengjing Hospital Affiliated of China Medical University). The surgeons should help patients understand the risks of two treatment strategies and written content will be obtained from them. If the patients screened for this trial are unconscious or mentally impaired due to the stroke at admission, informed consent of their relatives will be obtained instead and content of the patients will be obtained if they regain consciousness after treatment. Any individual with a direct relationship to the researchers, such as close relatives or staff of the hospital, will not be included.
Inclusion criteria
- Patients of either sex, 18–70 years of age.
- Clinical manifestation as moderate to severe IVH,such as severe headache, hemiplegia, aphasia or unconsciousness.
- Disease onset within 24 hours.
- Graeb scale > 4.
- Glasgow Coma Scale < 13.
- Imaging examination showing existence of hemorrhage breaking into the ventricles or primary intraventricular hemorrhage, and the bleeding volume being larger than 50% of the volume of the lateral ventricle.
Exclusion criteria
- Age < 18 years or > 70 years.
- Patients with history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, blood disorders, cancer, systemic autoimmune disease and long-term use of steroids.
- Patients who have any severe pre-existing physical or mental disabilities or comorbidities that will interfere with the assessment of the outcome.
- Imaging examination showing existence of cerebellar hemorrhage or brain stem hemorrhage.
- Cerebrovascular diseases detected by CTA/MRA/MRV/DSA examinations (choosing 1 or 2 examinations), such as aneurysm, cerebrovascular malformation or moyamoya disease.
- Ultra-early (within 72 hours) or late enhanced MRI suggesting the presence of brain tumors.
- Patients with history of coagulopathy or long-term use of anticoagulants.
Setting
The study will be performed at 4 neurosurgical centers in China. The organizer will set up an expert panel to ensure each center has the proper surgical technique.
First, the center applying to participate in the study needs to provide at least two videos of unedited endoscopic IVH evacuation surgery and EVD respectively, and provide clinical information of at least 5 cases performed with endoscopic IVH evacuation surgery and EVD (including preoperative imaging data, surgical records, and postoperative imaging data). The expert panel will judge whether the applicant has the qualification to participate in the study based on the above information.
The Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) checklist is provided in Additional file1.
Blinding
Due to the different surgical strategies of the two groups, this is an open-label trial. However, the data collection and statistical analysis will be performed by specialized persons who are blinded as to the allocated intervention.
Randomization
We adopt a central randomization method based on the stratification of each clinical trial center, based on the mobile client randomization tool “Randomization Allocation Tool” (RAT) to achieve random assignment of patients into two groups at a 1:1 ratio. If the subject is qualified for the trial and signs the informed consent form, the investigator authorized by each center can input the relevant information (e.g. age, gender, the bleeding volume, scores of Graeb scale and GCS) of the corresponding subject in the mobile phone client. After the administrator approves the confirmation, the assigned group is immediately fed back to the researcher's mobile phone, and the researcher will perform the prescribed surgical treatment according to the specified group. The method generates a random allocation sequence and can effectively prevent selection bias. Possible facts which may impact the outcomes of the patients, such as age, gender, the bleeding volume, scores of Graeb scale and GCS, will be considered by a minimization random allocation system.
Intervention
Endoscopic group
The patient in endoscopic group will be placed in the supine position and under general anesthesia. Endoscopy is performed using a rigid endoscope (Karl Storz, German). The side with more hemorrhage will be taken as the surgical side and a transverse incision of about 3 cm in length will be performed 1-2 cm in front of the coronal suture, 2-3 cm beside the midline. Then, a bone window with a diameter of 2-3 cm will be made and we will cross-incise the dura mater. Next, the surgeons insert the endoport (Vycor Medical, USA) into the lateral ventricle, which will become the endoscopic work channel. The hematoma will be removed by a technique using irrigation and aspiration. After exposing the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle, surgeons should strive to clear the hematoma in the third ventricle through the interventricular orifice. At the same time, the blood clots will be removed with grasping forceps and if there is bleeding, bipolar coagulation can be used to stop bleeding. During the operation, the veins, choroid plexus and ventricular wall should be carefully protected and blood clots that are closely adhering to the choroid plexus are not required to be completely removed. The third ventriculostomy and pellucid septostomy should be performed if possible. The ventricular drainage catheter will be placed on the surgical side. The dura and skin will be closed in a routine manner. An immediate postoperative CT scan will be performed to assess the residual hematoma. After 6 hours postoperatively, we will administer 20,000 U urokinase with 5 ml saline every 8 hours through the catheter and the catheter will be clamped for 1 hour to allow drug–clot interaction and then reopened to allow for gravitational drainage. Subsequent CT scans will be done for any safety concern or every 24 hours. Administration of urokinase will be stopped when the CT scans show that the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is unobstructed. When CT scans show that the intracerebral hematoma is significantly reduced and the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is unobstructed, the catheter shall be clamped for 24 hours before removing the catheter. If there is no acute intracranial pressure increase, the catheter can be removed then.
EVD group
The patient in EVD group will be placed in the supine position and under general anesthesia. Bilateral external ventricular drainage will be performed regularly and unilateral drainage will be performed only when the other lateral ventricular has little hematoma and the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is unobstructed. Surgeons usually select the point 1-2 cm before the coronal suture of the bleeding side and 2-3 cm next to the midline as the puncture point and puncture inwardly along the plane of the puncture point and the line of the ear. The surgeons will use a soft catheter with a guide needle to puncture in depth of about 5 cm and then pull out the guide needle. The next step is to fix the drainage catheter and suture the scalp incision. Postoperative CT will be done immediately to confirm positioning of the soft catheter and stability of the hematoma. After at least six hours postoperatively, we will administer 20,000 U urokinase with 5 ml saline every 8 hours and the catheter will be clamped for 1 hour to allow drug–clot interaction and then reopened to allow for gravitational drainage. Subsequent CT scans will be done for any safety concern or every 24 hours. Administration of urokinase will be stopped when the CT scans show that the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is unobstructed. When CT scans show that the intracerebral hematoma is significantly reduced and the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is unobstructed, the catheter shall be clamped for 24 hours before removing the catheter. If there is no acute intracranial pressure increase, the catheter can be removed then.
Outcomes and follow-up
The study will be conducted over a period of 3 years and will include a follow-up period of 12 months. Patients will stay in hospital for at least two weeks postoperatively to complete the required assessments (e.g. GSC and Graeb scale, blood and urine tests, brain CT and MRI, CTA/ MRA/ MRV/ DSA) which are shown in Table 1. Final study follow-up is scheduled at 12 months after surgery. The patients will be reminded to return to the hospital by phone calls at 1 months, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery to fill out the relevant questionnaires and perform associated clinical examinations and tests (e.g. blood and urine tests, brain CT and MRI, Modified Rankin Scale, records of the complications and survival state) shown in Table 1.
The primary outcome measure is the survival rate of patients at 12 months postoperatively.
In addition, secondary outcome measures include treatment-related morbidity, as evaluated by the incidence of:
Postoperative patient survival (OS).
Modified Rankin score (preoperational, one month, three months, six months, 12 months).
Proportion of patients who need ventricular-peritoneal shunt after surgery.
Incidence of postoperative hydrocephalus.
Postoperative intracranial infection rate.
Hospital length of stay.
Hospitalization expenses.
Abscission or termination
Any participant who does not complete the follow-up period as prescribed will be recorded as a case of abscission unless the patient lose his life before the final follow-up which is scheduled at 12 months after surgery.
Termination of the trial may occur for the following reasons:
- Major mistakes are found in the trial protocol, making it difficult to evaluate the efficacy of the method.
- The trial has a major deviation in implementation and thus is difficult to continue.
- The treatment is found to be far more ineffective compared with the control method.
- The sponsor requests to terminate the trial because of lack of funding or poor management.
Data collection
Case report forms (CRFs) and clinical reports will be collected as the main data source in this trial. According to the regulations, two data entry staff will input the contents into the database independently as double copies. The database will be locked and transferred to the quality control group through the data management network after a data consistency check and a data quality audit are completed.
Quality control and quality assurance
The study will be regularly reviewed and monitored by the Ethics Committee of the Jinling Hospital and a Data and Safety Monitoring Board whose members are from each center will be established to ensure the safety of the participants and the validity of the data.
Table 1 Enrollment and assessments in the trial
Item
|
Screening period
|
Follow-up
|
Operation day
|
1 day after operation
|
7 day after operation
|
2 weeks after operation
|
1 month after operation
|
3 months after operation
|
6 months after operation
|
12 months after operation
|
Informed consent
|
X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Collect demographic data
|
X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Collect medical history
|
X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Physical examination
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
Routine Blood examination
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
Blood biochemical examination
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
Routine urine test
|
X
|
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
Brain CT scan
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
Brain MRI
|
X
|
|
|
|
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
CTA/ MRA/ MRV/ DSA(Choose 1 or 2 items)
|
X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HIV、HBV、HCV screening
|
X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Graeb score
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
|
|
Glasgow Coma Scale
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
|
|
|
Inclusion/Exclusion criteria
|
X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Randomization
|
X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Survival rate at 12 months postoperatively
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X
|
Modified Rankin Scale
|
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
Postoperative patient survival (OS)
|
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
Postoperative Complications
|
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses in the study will be carried out by an analyst who is blinded as to the allocated intervention.
Descriptive statistics are used to summarize patients’ demographic, clinical, and other outcomes. Cox regression model method will be used to calculate the hazards ratio and the 95% confidence interval (CI). The non-inferiority of the new surgical method and the conventional method is determined according to whether the upper limit of the 95% CI of the HR is less than 1.3. If the upper limit of the 95% CI is less than 1.3, the non-inferiority is accepted. Otherwise, a non-inferiority conclusion cannot be reached. The OS curves will be estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. All measures of efficacy will be compared by an intention-to-treat analysis including all randomized patients.
Continuous variables will be assessed for normality and equality of variances between groups. Discrete variables will be summarized by frequencies/proportions. For continuous variables, analysis of variance and/or regression will be used, where appropriate. The comparison of the two groups with respect to frequencies/proportions will be performed using the χ2 test and, if necessary, the Fisher’s test. The ranked data of the two groups will be compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test.