Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the institutional review boards of each participating institute, and informed consent was waived due to the observational nature of the study. The study has therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
Consent for publication
All authors have read and approved the submission of the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
Data are available on reasonable request. Data are available on request.
Competing interests
All authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Funding
This study was supported by a faculty research grant from Yonsei University College of Medicine for 2018 (6-2018-0064 to TK) and a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF- 2018R1C1B6006159 to JSY). The funding bodies played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Authors’ contributions
TK, JSY, and SPC conceived and planned the study and were mainly responsible for its design. TK, and JSY collected data. TK, JSY, HSL, SJ, and SPC were mainly responsible for analyzing the data. TK and JSY wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors (TK, JSY, HSL, SJ, YSP, and SPC) contributed to the interpretation of the findings and reviewed the manuscript. HSL, SJ, YSP, and SPC reviewed the statistical analyses and made changes to the content of the manuscript. All authors (TK, JSY, HSL, SJ, YSP, and SPC) also provided intellectual contribution to the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge and thank to investigators from all participating hospitals of KoCARC: Woon Yong Kwon (Seoul National University Hospital), Sang Kuk Han, Phil Cho Choi (Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center), Sang O Park, Jong Won Kim (Konkuk University Medical Center), Han Sung Choi, Jong Seok Lee (Kyung Hee University Hospital), Sung Hyuk Choi, Young Hoon Yoon (Korea University Guro Hospital), Su Jin Kim, Kap Su Han (Korea University Anam Hospital), Min Seob Sim, Gun Tak Lee (Samsung Medical Center), Shin Ahn (Asan Medical Center), Jong Whan Shin, Hui Jai Lee (SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center), Keun Hong Park, Hahn Bom Kim (Seoul Medical Center), In Cheol Park, Yoo Seok Park (Yonsei University Severance Hospital), Tae Young Kong (Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital), Chu Hyun Kim (Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital), Youngsuk Cho (Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital), Gu Hyun Kang, Yong Soo Jang (Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital), Tai Ho Im, Jae Hoon Oh (Hanyang University Seoul Hospital), Seok Ran Yeom, Sung Wook Park (Pusan National University Hospital), Jae Hoon Lee (Dong-A University Hospital), Jae Yun Ahn (Kyungpook National University Hospital), Kyung Woo Lee, Tae Chang Jang (Daegu Catholic University Medical Center), Jae-hyug Woo (Gachon University Gil Medical Center), Woon Jeong Lee, Seon Hee Woo (The Catholic University of Korea Incheon St. Mary's Hospital), Sung Hyun Yun, Jin Won Park (Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital), Sun Pyo Kim, Yong Jin Park (Chosun University Hospital), Jin Woong Lee, Wonjoon Jeong (Chungnam National University Hospital), Sung Soo Park, Jae Kwang Lee (Konyang University Hospital), Ryeok Ahn, Wook Jin Choi (Ulsan University Hospital), Young Gi Min, Eun Jung Park (Ajou University Hospital), You Hwan Jo, Joong Hee Kim (Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), In Byung Kim, Ki Ok Ahn (Myongji Hospital), Han Jin Cho (Korea University Ansan Hospital), Seung Cheol Lee, Sang Hun Lee (Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital), Young Sik Kim (Bundang Jesaeng Hospital), Jin Sik Park (Sejong Hospital), Dai Han Wi (Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital), Ok Jun Kim, Min Woo Kang (Cha University Bundang Medical Center), Sang Ook Ha, Won Seok Yang (Hallym University Pyeongchon Sacred Heart Hospital), Soon Joo Wang, Hang A Park (Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital), Jun Hwi Cho, Chan Woo Park (Kangwon National University Hospital), An Mu Eob, Tae Hun Lee (Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital), Sang Chul Kim, Hoon Kim (Chungbuk National University Hospital), Han Joo Choi , Chan Young Koh (Dankook University Hospital), Hyung Jun Moon, Dong Kil Jeong (Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital), Tae Oh Jung, Jae Chol Yoon (Chonbuk National University Hospital), Seung Yong Lee, Young Tae Park (Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital), Jin Hee Jeong, Soo Hoon Lee (Gyeongsang National University Hospital), Ji Ho Ryu, Mun Ki Min (Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital ), Won Kim, Yi Sang Moon (Cheju Halla General Hospital), Sung Wook Song, Woo Jung Kim (Jeju National University Hospital), Joon-myoung Kwon, Eui Hyuk Kang (Mediplex Sejong Hospital), Sang Chan Jin, Tae-kwon Kim (Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center), Hyuk Joong Choi (Hanyang University Guri Hospital), Seong Chun Kim (Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital), In Soo Cho (Hanil General Hospital).
To steering committee, comprised of following individuals: Sung Oh Hwang (Chair, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital), Sang Do Shin (Chair of Steering Committee, Seoul National University hospital), Hyuk Jun Yang (Advisory Committee, Gachon University Gil hospital), Sung Phil Chung (Data Safety and Management Board, Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital), Sung Woo Lee (Security and Monitoring Board, Korea University Anam hospital), Kyung Jun Song (Secretariat, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center), Seung Sik Hwang (Epidemiology and Prevention Research Committee, Seoul National University), Gyu Chong Cho (Community Resuscitation Research Committee, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital), Hyun Wook Ryoo (Emergency Medical Service Resuscitation Research Committee, Kyungpook National University Hospital), Kyoung Chul Cha (Hospital Resuscitation Research Committee, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital), Won Young Kim (Hypothermia and Post-Resuscitation Care Research Committee, Asan Medical Center), Sang Hoon Na (Cardiac Care Resuscitation Research Committee, Seoul National University Hospital), Young Ho Kwack (Pediatric Resuscitation Research Committee, Seoul National University hospital)
To member of Secretariat: Jeong Ho Park (Seoul National University Hospital), Sun Young Lee (Seoul National University Hospital), and Sung Kyung Kim (Seoul National University Hospital).
To National Fire Agency for providing prehospital EMS data. And to Korean Association of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (KACPR) for support.