Table 1. Summary of temperature and rainfall indices used in this study
ID
|
Indicator name
|
Definition
|
Unit
|
mean Tmax
|
Annual mean maximum temperature
|
°C
|
mean Tmin
|
Annual mean minimum temperature
|
°C
|
TN10p
|
Cool nights
|
Percentage of days when TN<10th percentile
|
Days
|
TN90p
|
Warm nights
|
Percentage of days when TN>90th percentile
|
Days
|
TX90p
|
Warm days
|
Percentage of days when TX>90th percentile
|
Days
|
WSDI
|
Warm spell duration indicator
|
Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TX>90th percentile
|
Days
|
CSDI
|
Cold spell duration indicator
|
Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TN<10th percentile
|
Days
|
DTR
|
Diurnal temperature range
|
Monthly mean difference between TX and TN
|
ºC
|
RX1day
|
Max 1-day precipitation amount
|
Highest maximum 1-day precipitation in a year
|
mm
|
RX2day
|
Max 2-day precipitation amount
|
Highest maximum consecutive 2-day precipitation in a year
|
mm
|
RX3day
|
Max 3-day precipitation amount
|
Highest maximum consecutive 3-day precipitation in a year
|
mm
|
RX5day
|
Max 5-day precipitation amount
|
Highest maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation in a year
|
mm
|
SDII
|
Simple daily intensity index
|
Annual total precipitation divided by the number of wet days (defined as PRCP>=1.0mm) in the year
|
mm/day
|
R64.5
|
IMD-heavy precipitation days
|
Annual count of days when PRCP>=64.5mm
|
Days
|
R124.5
|
IMD-very heavy precipitation days
|
Annual count of days when PRCP>=124.5mm
|
Days
|
CDD
|
Consecutive dry days
|
Maximum number of consecutive days with RR<1mm
|
Days
|
CWD
|
Consecutive wet days
|
Maximum number of consecutive days with RR>=1mm
|
Days
|
PRCPTOT
|
Annual total wet-day precipitation
|
Annual total PRCP in wet days (RR>=1mm)
|
mm
|
Table 2. Trend and statistical significance of climatic indices by linear regression
Districts
|
Balasore
|
Bhadrak
|
Ganjam
|
Jagatsingpur
|
Puri
|
Indices
|
Slope
|
P Value
|
Slope
|
P Value
|
Slope
|
P Value
|
Slope
|
P Value
|
Slope
|
P Value
|
mean Tmax
|
0.021
|
0.028**
|
0.044
|
0***
|
0.007
|
0.175
|
0.028
|
0***
|
0.003
|
0.591
|
Tmin mean
|
0.012
|
0.116
|
0.065
|
0.003***
|
0.006
|
0.458
|
0.046
|
0.011***
|
0.02
|
0.01**
|
TX90p
|
0.331
|
0.003***
|
0.498
|
0***
|
0.269
|
0.003***
|
0.414
|
0.01***
|
0.152
|
0.204
|
TN10p
|
-0.074
|
0.398
|
-0.596
|
0.016**
|
-0.075
|
0.515
|
-0.407
|
0.097*
|
-0.285
|
0.016**
|
TN90p
|
0.201
|
0.118
|
0.461
|
0.031**
|
0.156
|
0.188
|
0.399
|
0.001***
|
0.293
|
0.011**
|
WSDI
|
0.415
|
0.002***
|
0.43
|
0.006***
|
0.221
|
0.019**
|
0.235
|
0.255
|
0.056
|
0.788
|
CSDI
|
-0.006
|
0.931
|
-0.538
|
0.087*
|
-0.093
|
0.49
|
-0.466
|
0.376
|
-0.102
|
0.357
|
DTR
|
0.009
|
0.38
|
-0.021
|
0.34
|
0.001
|
0.921
|
-0.018
|
0.276
|
-0.018
|
0.048**
|
RX1day
|
-0.617
|
0.69
|
1.159
|
0.428
|
-1.977
|
0.171
|
0.134
|
0.907
|
1.621
|
0.212
|
RX2day
|
-0.034
|
1.699
|
1.241
|
1.699
|
-1.113
|
1.699
|
0.332
|
1.699
|
1.186
|
1.699
|
RX3day
|
0.498
|
1.699
|
1.467
|
1.699
|
-1.053
|
1.699
|
0.332
|
1.699
|
1.343
|
1.699
|
RX5day
|
1.921
|
0.284
|
3.076
|
0.279
|
-1.453
|
0.469
|
0.466
|
0.81
|
2.955
|
0.251
|
SDII
|
0.115
|
0.013**
|
0.078
|
0.28
|
-0.063
|
0.437
|
0.15
|
0.029**
|
0.035
|
0.659
|
R2.5
|
-1.043
|
1.699
|
-0.233
|
1.699
|
0.263
|
1.699
|
-1.028
|
1.699
|
-0.568
|
1.699
|
R64.5
|
0.536
|
1.699
|
0.902
|
1.699
|
-0.074
|
1.699
|
1.289
|
1.699
|
0
|
1.699
|
R124.5
|
-0.237
|
1.699
|
1.794
|
1.699*
|
-1.679
|
1.699
|
0.536
|
1.699
|
0.617
|
1.699
|
CDD
|
0.985
|
0.102
|
1.066
|
0.112
|
2.116
|
0.02**
|
1.271
|
0.12
|
-0.347
|
0.574
|
CWD
|
-0.026
|
0.522
|
0.031
|
0.698
|
-0.019
|
0.682
|
-0.001
|
0.992
|
-0.031
|
0.405
|
PRCPTOT
|
3.783
|
0.526
|
5.251
|
0.465
|
-4.747
|
0.553
|
7.328
|
0.308
|
2.266
|
0.766
|
NS-non-significant, *Significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, ***significant at 1%
level, Tmax mean - Annual mean maximum temperature, Tmin mean - Annual mean minimum temperature, TN10p - Cool nights, TN90p - Warm nights, TX90p - Warm days, WSDI - Warm spell duration indicator, CSDI - Cold spell duration indicator, DTR - Diurnal temperature range, RX1day -Max 1-day precipitation amount, RX2day - Max 2-day precipitation amount,
RX3day - Max 3-day precipitation amount, RX5day - Max 5-day precipitation amount, SDII - Simple daily intensity index, R64.5 - IMD-heavy precipitation days, R124.5 - IMD-very heavy precipitation days, CDD - Consecutive dry days, CWD - Consecutive wet days, PRCPTOT - Annual total wet-day precipitation
Table 3. Trend and statistical significance of climatic indices by MK test
Districts
|
Balasore
|
Bhadrak
|
Ganjam
|
Jagatsingpur
|
Puri
|
Indices
|
Z value
|
Sig. lev
|
Z value
|
Sig. lev
|
Z value
|
Sig. lev
|
Z value
|
Sig. lev
|
Z value
|
Sig. lev
|
TMAXmean
|
1.87
|
*
|
4.419
|
***
|
1.258
|
NS
|
3.722
|
***
|
0.68
|
NS
|
TMINmean
|
1.377
|
NS
|
3.008
|
***
|
1.309
|
NS
|
2.957
|
***
|
1.989
|
**
|
TX90p
|
2.278
|
**
|
4.198
|
***
|
2.821
|
***
|
3.161
|
***
|
2.295
|
**
|
TN10p
|
-0.425
|
NS
|
-2.091
|
**
|
-1.394
|
NS
|
-2.515
|
**
|
-1.972
|
**
|
TN90p
|
1.7
|
*
|
2.77
|
***
|
1.19
|
NS
|
3.161
|
***
|
2.583
|
***
|
WSDI
|
2.481
|
**
|
2.498
|
**
|
2.261
|
**
|
0.578
|
NS
|
0.816
|
NS
|
CSDI
|
0.238
|
NS
|
-1.105
|
NS
|
-0.527
|
NS
|
-0.969
|
NS
|
-0.238
|
NS
|
DTR
|
0.867
|
NS
|
-0.595
|
NS
|
-0.272
|
NS
|
-1.054
|
NS
|
-1.853
|
*
|
RX1day
|
0.051
|
NS
|
0.952
|
NS
|
-0.476
|
NS
|
-0.017
|
NS
|
1.513
|
NS
|
RX2day
|
0.646
|
NS
|
0.952
|
NS
|
-1.054
|
NS
|
0.476
|
NS
|
1.428
|
NS
|
RX3day
|
0.748
|
NS
|
1.088
|
NS
|
-0.748
|
NS
|
0.204
|
NS
|
1.53
|
NS
|
RX5day
|
1.156
|
NS
|
0.646
|
NS
|
-0.544
|
NS
|
0.391
|
NS
|
1.224
|
NS
|
SDII
|
2.634
|
***
|
0.952
|
NS
|
-0.102
|
NS
|
2.379
|
**
|
0.476
|
NS
|
R2.5
|
-0.884
|
NS
|
-0.221
|
NS
|
0.068
|
NS
|
-1.105
|
NS
|
0.068
|
NS
|
R64.5
|
0.884
|
NS
|
1.037
|
NS
|
0.136
|
NS
|
0.901
|
NS
|
0.068
|
NS
|
R124.5
|
-0.153
|
NS
|
1.377
|
NS
|
-1.207
|
NS
|
0.544
|
NS
|
0.612
|
NS
|
CDD
|
1.479
|
NS
|
1.462
|
NS
|
2.142
|
**
|
1.7
|
*
|
0.068
|
NS
|
PRCPTOT
|
0.612
|
NS
|
0.85
|
NS
|
0
|
NS
|
1.292
|
NS
|
0.578
|
NS
|
NS-non-significant, *Significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, ***significant at 1%
level, Tmax mean - Annual mean maximum temperature, Tmin mean - Annual mean minimum temperature, TN10p - Cool nights, TN90p - Warm nights, TX90p - Warm days, WSDI - Warm spell duration indicator, CSDI - Cold spell duration indicator, DTR - Diurnal temperature range, RX1day -Max 1-day precipitation amount, RX2day - Max 2-day precipitation amount,
RX3day - Max 3-day precipitation amount, RX5day - Max 5-day precipitation amount, SDII - Simple daily intensity index, R64.5 - IMD-heavy precipitation days, R124.5 - IMD-very heavy precipitation days, CDD - Consecutive dry days, CWD - Consecutive wet days, PRCPTOT - Annual total wet-day precipitation