Efficiency Exploration of Frequency Ratio, Entropy, and Weights of Evidence-Information Value Models in Flood Susceptibility Assessment: A Study of Raiganj Subdivision, Eastern India

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-729511/v1

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Research Article

Efficiency Exploration of Frequency Ratio, Entropy, and Weights of Evidence-Information Value Models in Flood Susceptibility Assessment: A Study of Raiganj Subdivision, Eastern India

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-729511/v1

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The primary objective of this research was to assess the efficiency of RS and GIS for predicting the flood risk using the Frequency ratio, Entropy index, and Weight of evidence-information Value models. Consequently, for spatial analyses fourteen flood conditioning variables are constructed. The research region is experiencing floods consequently in the past with moderate to high intensities. The assessment demonstrates that parameters such as elevation, LULC, rainfall, distance from rivers, and drainage density contributed significantly to the occurrence of floods. The validation of the results indicates that the success rate of the presently constructed models. Around 33 per cent to 47 per cent of the total area of each block in the subdivision is projected to be in danger of floods. The report's findings will aid planners in designing flood prevention measures as part of regional flood risk management programs and will serve as a platform for future research in the study area.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Policy

Flood susceptibility mapping

Frequency ratio

Shannon’s Entropy

Weights-of-evidence

GIS

Raiganj Subdivision

Table 1

Data and their sources for the research work

SL No	Name of the Variable	Unit of the Variable	Data Sources	Websites
1	Rainfall	mm	CHRS data portal, IMD	https://chrsdata.eng.uci.edu
2	Elevation	m	Alaska Satellite Facility	https://asf.alaska.edu/
3	Slope	degree	Alaska Satellite Facility	https://asf.alaska.edu/
4	NDVI	Dimensionless	USGS Earth Explorer ; Landsat-8	https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
5	Plan Curvature	Dimensionless	Alaska Satellite Facility	https://asf.alaska.edu/
6	Drainage Density	Sq. Km.	Alaska Satellite Facility
7	Flow Direction	Dimensionless	Alaska Satellite Facility
8	SPI	Dimensionless	Alaska Satellite Facility
9	Geomorphology	Description	Geological Survey of India	https://www.gsi.gov.in, https://bhukosh.gsi.gov.in
10	Dist. From the river	KM	Google Earth	https://earth.google.com/web
11	Household Density	Houses/sq.km.	Census of India 2011	https://censusindia.gov.in
12	Cultivator Density	Cultivators/sq.km.	Census of India 2011
13	Population Density	Peoples/sq.km.	Census of India 2011
14	LULC	Class	Bhuvan Data Portal	https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in

Table 2

Areal distribution of the variables with their relative weight of applied statistical methods

Variables

Alternatives

Total Pixel

Flood Pixel

%Total Pixel

% Flood Pixel

Area

(sq.km)

Area

(sq.km)

WoE

FR_CW

(%)

SEI_CW

(%)

IV_CW

(%)

Rainfall (mm)

<1750

519731

519395

3.88%

9.54%

51.57

51.54

2.457

0.374

-0.89902

0.05086

16.84

7.62

31.42

1750-1800

433210

172140

3.24%

3.16%

42.98

17.08

0.977

0.149

0.023243

0.00002

1800-1850

3819042

574388

28.53%

10.55%

378.94

56.99

0.370

0.056

0.994778

0.17885

1850-1900

6893570

2990339

51.50%

54.93%

684.00

296.71

1.067

0.162

-0.06447

0.00221

1900-1970

1721008

1188096

12.86%

21.82%

170.76

117.89

1.697

0.258

-0.52911

0.04744

Elevation (m)

10-30

1613537

1075441

12.05%

19.75%

160.10

106.71

1.639

0.336

-0.49397

0.03804

13.84

7.25

12.93

30-33

3950466

1874172

29.51%

34.42%

391.98

185.96

1.166

0.239

-0.154

0.00757

33-36

3410510

1278980

25.48%

23.49%

338.40

126.90

0.922

0.189

0.081128

0.00161

36-40

3266568

1047263

24.40%

19.24%

324.12

103.91

0.788

0.162

0.237888

0.01229

40-55

1145480

168502

8.56%

3.09%

113.66

16.72

0.362

0.074

1.01696

0.05555

Slope (Degree)

<1.0

9297436

3812899

69.45%

70.03%

922.52

378.33

1.008

0.211

-0.00832

0.00005

1.26

6.58

0.03

1.0-2.0

2982163

1200787

22.28%

22.06%

295.90

119.15

0.990

0.207

0.01

0.00002

2.0-3.0

936261

366796

6.99%

6.74%

92.90

36.39

0.963

0.201

0.037417

0.00010

3.0-4.5

140727

52966

1.05%

0.97%

13.96

5.26

0.925

0.194

0.0775

0.00006

4.50-20.0

29974

10910

0.22%

0.20%

2.97

1.08

0.895

0.187

0.110979

0.00003

NDVI

-0.12-0.05

228371

103935

1.71%

1.91%

22.66

10.31

1.119

0.228

-0.11247

0.00023

3.19

6.62

0.54

0.05-0.12

4173602

1796944

31.18%

33.01%

414.12

178.30

1.059

0.216

-0.05698

0.00104

0.12-0.17

5896257

2431746

44.05%

44.67%

585.04

241.28

1.014

0.207

-0.01396

0.00009

0.17-0.25

2673027

972716

19.97%

17.87%

265.22

96.52

0.895

0.182

0.111203

0.00234

0.25-0.46

415304

139017

3.10%

2.55%

41.21

13.79

0.823

0.168

0.194743

0.00107

Plan Curvature

Concave

2856168

1130755

21.34%

20.77%

283.40

112.20

0.973

0.331

0.026924

0.00015

0.97

10.09

0.04

Flat

9496468

3910504

70.94%

71.83%

942.26

388.01

1.012

0.344

-0.01242

0.00011

Convex

1033925

403099

7.72%

7.40%

102.59

40.00

0.959

0.326

0.042264

0.00014

Drainage Density (km2)

0.29-1.9

910968

465479

6.81%

8.55%

90.39

46.19

1.256

0.204

-0.22823

0.00398

9.11

6.84

5.27

1.9-3.4

2512423

1158370

18.77%

21.28%

249.29

114.94

1.134

0.184

-0.12544

0.00315

3.4-5.0

6436700

2110060

48.08%

38.76%

638.67

209.37

0.806

0.131

0.215628

0.02011

5.0-6.5

3091639

1380397

23.10%

25.35%

306.76

136.97

1.098

0.178

-0.09334

0.00211

6.5-8.1

434831

330052

3.25%

6.06%

43.15

32.75

1.866

0.303

-0.62396

0.01756

Flow Direction

2624826

1051456

19.61%

19.31%

260.44

104.33

0.985

0.124

0.015167

0.00004

0.65

3.34

0.16

267930

103262

2.00%

1.90%

26.58

10.25

0.948

0.119

0.053785

0.00006

3917630

1522026

29.27%

27.96%

388.72

151.02

0.955

0.120

0.045773

0.00060

298917

119054

2.23%

2.19%

29.66

11.81

0.979

0.123

0.020917

0.00001

3529773

1499924

26.37%

27.55%

350.23

148.83

1.045

0.131

-0.04385

0.00052

230885

94991

1.72%

1.74%

22.91

9.43

1.012

0.127

-0.01153

0.00000

2314494

971521

17.29%

17.84%

229.65

96.40

1.032

0.130

-0.03159

0.00018

202106

82124

1.51%

20.05

8.15

0.999

0.126

0.000891

0.00000

SPI

-3.1 - -0.38

470511

183723

3.51%

3.37%

46.69

18.23

0.960

0.194

0.040719

0.00006

0.53

6.58

0.01

-0.38 - -0.12

1178585

470015

8.80%

8.63%

116.94

46.64

0.981

0.198

0.019634

0.00003

-0.12-0.05

6806231

2766470

50.84%

50.81%

675.33

274.50

0.999

0.202

0.000595

0.00000

0.05-0.24

4406379

1808634

32.92%

33.22%

437.21

179.46

1.009

0.204

-0.00919

0.00003

0.24-4.05

524855

215516

3.92%

3.96%

52.08

21.38

1.010

0.204

-0.00958

0.00000

Geomorphology

Old flood plain/Water

456482

445862

3.41%

8.19%

45.29

44.24

2.402

0.442

-0.87613

0.04187

21.40

9.65

27.78

Old Alluvial Plain

813903

602124

6.08%

11.06%

80.76

59.74

1.819

0.334

-0.59829

0.02979

Young Alluvial Plain

10278062

4245214

76.78%

77.97%

1019.83

421.22

1.016

0.187

-0.01545

0.00018

Active flood plain

1838114

151158

13.74%

2.78%

182.50

15.00

0.202

0.037

1.598498

0.17511

Dist. from River (km)

<1.2

4593601

2345365

34.32%

43.08%

455.79

232.71

1.255

0.270

-0.22745

0.01993

5.60

6.69

4.31

1.2-3.0

3660363

1430000

27.34%

26.27%

363.19

141.89

0.961

0.206

0.040216

0.00043

3.0-5.0

2552471

792461

19.07%

14.56%

253.26

78.63

0.763

0.164

0.270002

0.01218

5.0-7.5

1607346

543342

12.01%

9.98%

159.49

53.91

0.831

0.179

0.184929

0.00375

7.5-12.0

972780

333190

7.27%

6.12%

96.52

33.06

0.842

0.181

0.171774

0.00197

Household Density (Houses/km2)

160-180

2810033

1630368

20.99%

29.95%

278.82

161.77

1.427

0.280

-0.35528

0.03181

7.14

6.82

9.39

180-200

5600011

1680466

41.83%

30.87%

555.65

166.74

0.738

0.145

0.304026

0.03334

200-220

1344113

430919

10.04%

7.91%

133.37

42.76

0.788

0.154

0.237898

0.00506

220-240

1084104

389030

8.10%

7.15%

107.57

38.60

0.882

0.173

0.125181

0.00119

240-265

2548300

1313575

19.04%

24.13%

252.85

130.34

1.267

0.248

-0.237

0.01207

Cultivator Density (Cultivators/km2)

70-80

667672

199546

4.99%

3.67%

66.25

19.80

0.735

0.162

0.308081

0.00407

6.52

6.77

2.72

80-88

5347790

2213468

39.95%

40.66%

530.62

219.63

1.018

0.224

-0.01755

0.00012

88-98

4977470

2145600

37.18%

39.41%

493.88

212.89

1.060

0.234

-0.05817

0.00130

98-108

992203

235018

7.41%

4.32%

98.45

23.32

0.582

0.128

0.540594

0.01673

108-118

1401426

650726

10.47%

11.95%

139.05

64.57

1.142

0.252

-0.13251

0.00197

Population Density (Peoples/km2)

740-840

2049697

1028607

15.31%

18.89%

203.38

102.06

1.234

0.245

-0.21018

0.00753

2.85

6.71

3.77

840-950

6327261

2279300

47.27%

41.87%

627.81

226.16

0.886

0.176

0.121328

0.00655

950-1050

1365033

428193

10.20%

7.86%

135.44

42.49

0.771

0.153

0.259688

0.00606

1050-1160

1088162

390146

8.13%

7.17%

107.97

38.71

0.882

0.175

0.126053

0.00121

1160-1270

2556408

1318112

19.10%

24.21%

253.65

130.79

1.268

0.252

-0.23727

0.01213

LU/LC

Built-up

1284227

354976

9.59%

6.52%

127.42

35.22

0.680

0.203

0.386191

0.01187

10.10

8.45

1.62

Crop Land

11823108

4971821

88.32%

91.32%

1173.12

493.32

1.034

0.308

-0.0334

0.00100

Vegetation

45300

9200

0.34%

0.17%

4.49

0.91

0.499

0.149

0.694432

0.00118

Water Bodies

233926

108361

1.75%

1.99%

23.21

10.75

1.139

0.340

-0.13013

0.00032

Table 3

Areal distribution of flood susceptibility zones of the study area

Results	Frequency Ratio		Shannon’s Entropy Index		WoE (IV)
Susceptibility	Area (%)	Area (sq.km.)	Area (%)	Area (sq.km.)	Area (%)	Area (sq.km.)
Very Low	8.80%	116.88	7.20%	95.59	8.08%	107.30
Low	27.86%	370.01	24.54%	325.90	29.07%	386.16
Moderate	32.06%	425.78	31.44%	417.55	31.46%	417.91
High	20.26%	269.15	22.93%	304.62	19.89%	264.19
Very High	11.02%	146.43	13.90%	184.60	11.50%	152.68

Table 4

Changing comparison matrix of different alternative of the FSZ (Flood Susceptibility Zone) for applied techniques

Frequency Ratio and Shannon’s Entropy Index Changing Matrix
	VL	L	M	H	VH
VL	0.7046	0.2954	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
L	0.0357	0.7199	0.2444	0.0000	0.0000
M	0.0001	0.0587	0.7278	0.2134	0.0000
H	0.0000	0.0000	0.0641	0.7641	0.1719
VH	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0552	0.9448
Frequency Ratio and Weight of Evidence Changing Matrix
	VL	L	M	H	VH
VL	0.7056	0.2917	0.0027	0.0000	0.0000
L	0.0671	0.7828	0.1497	0.0004	0.0000
M	0.0000	0.1466	0.7997	0.0537	0.0000
H	0.0000	0.0000	0.0807	0.8567	0.0626
VH	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0724	0.9276
Shannon’s Entropy Index and Weight of Evidence Changing Matrix
	VL	L	M	H	VH
VL	0.6021	0.3688	0.0290	0.0001	0.0000
L	0.1396	0.6872	0.1559	0.0173	0.0000
M	0.0102	0.3019	0.6236	0.0634	0.0010
H	0.0000	0.0029	0.3388	0.6124	0.0460
VH	0.0000	0.0000	0.0043	0.2467	0.7490

Table 5

Areal changes of the result for used methods

Susceptibility	df(FR,SEI)	df(FR,WoE)	df(SEI,WoE)
Very Low	-1.60%	-0.72%	0.88%
Low	-3.32%	1.21%	4.53%
Moderate	-0.62%	-0.60%	0.02%
High	2.67%	-0.37%	-3.04%
Very High	2.88%	0.48%	-2.40%

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Reviews received at journal
20 Jul, 2021
Reviewers invited by journal
20 Jul, 2021
Editor invited by journal
20 Jul, 2021
Editor assigned by journal
20 Jul, 2021
First submitted to journal
18 Jul, 2021

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Efficiency Exploration of Frequency Ratio, Entropy, and Weights of Evidence-Information Value Models in Flood Susceptibility Assessment: A Study of Raiganj Subdivision, Eastern India

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