A Contribution to Knowledge of Gyroporus (Gyroporaceae, Boletales) in China: Three New Taxa and Amended Descriptions of Two Previous Species

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-736679/v1

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A Contribution to Knowledge of Gyroporus (Gyroporaceae, Boletales) in China: Three New Taxa and Amended Descriptions of Two Previous Species

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-736679/v1

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Some species of Gyroporus (Gyroporaceae, Boletales) in China are investigated on the basis of morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Six Chinese species are recognized in the present study. Among them, G. memnonius, G. porphyreus and G. subglobosus are new to science; G. longicystidiatus and G. paramjitii are previously described; and one ambiguous taxon tentatively named G. cf. castaneus. A key to known species of Gyroporus in China is also provided. A preliminary biogeographical analysis shows that Gyroporus in East Asia and Southeast/South Asia are closely related. Gyroporus longicystidiatus and G. paramjitii are geographically widespread species occurring in East Asia and Southeast/South Asia; G. cf. castaneus is a shared species between East Asia and Europe.

Mycology

Bolete

Molecular phylogeny

Morphology

New taxa

Taxonomy

Gyroporus Quél., originally represented by G. castaneus (Bull.) Quél. and G. cyanescens (Bull.) Quél. in Europe, is a boletoid genus in Gyroporaceae (Singer) Manfr. Binder & Bresinsky (Boletales) (Quélet 1886; Singer 1986; Binder and Bresinsky 2002). Members of this genus are ectomycorrhizal fungi of many plant families such as Fagaceae, Pinaceae and Myrtaceae (Singer et al. 1983; Agerer 1999; Raidl et al. 2006; Watling 2006, 2008; Wilson et al. 2012). Gyroporus is characterized by small to middle-sized basidiomata, whitish, yellowish, yellow-brown to red-brown villous or scaly pileus, white to light yellow, simple pores, a stipe usually concolorous with pileus, stipe chambered or completely hollow, brittle, white context, unchanging or turning blue or purple when injured, short ellipsoid basidiospores, presence of clamp connections (Reijnders 1963; Besl et al. 1973; Gill and Steglich 1987; Agerer 1999; Muñoz 2005; Raidl et al. 2006; Watling 2008; Bessette et al. 2010; Horak 2011; Knudsen and Vesterholt 2012; Wilson et al. 2012; Vizzini et al. 2015; Das et al. 2017; Davoodian et al. 2018; Huang et al. 2021). The genus is distributed in temperate, subtropical and tropical areas of the world (Chiu 1948; Heinemann 1954; Corner 1972; Imazeki et al. 1988; Watling and Li 1999; Bessette et al. 2000; Lannoy and Estadès 2001; Muñoz 2005; Watling and Hills 2005; Zang 2006; Li 2007; Watling 2008; Šutara et al. 2009; Horak 2011; Wilson et al. 2011, 2012; Vizzini et al. 2015; Das et al. 2017; Davoodian et al. 2018; Huang et al. 2021). Most species of this genus are edible (Bessette et al. 2000). Moreover, some interesting secondary metabolites were isolated from the collections identified as G. castaneus from China (Wan et al. 1999; Wan 2000). In addition, researchers found that G. castaneus has anti-cancer effect, which needed to be further proved (Wu et al. 2013). Besides the edibility and medicinal properties, one species, viz. G. ammophilus (M.L. Castro & L. Freire) M.L. Castro & L. Freire has been proved to be toxic, causing severe gastroenteritis when consumed (Castro and Freire 1995).

In China, European G. castaneus is also widely reported (Chiu 1948, 1957; Zang 1986; Wu et al. 2013; Tang 2015). Besides this iconic species, G. atroviolaceus (Höhn.) E.-J. Gilbert, G. cyanescens, G. longicystidiatus Nagas. & Hongo, G. malesicus Corner and G. purpurinus Singer ex Davoodian & Halling were also reported in the country (Zang 1986; Zang et al. 1996; Li and Song 2003; Li 2007). In addition, five new taxa, viz. G. alpinus Yan C. Li, C. Huang & Zhu L. Yang, G. brunneofloccosus T.H. Li, W.Q. Deng & B. Song, G. flavocyanescens Yan C. Li, C. Huang & Zhu L. Yang, G. pseudomicrosporus M. Zang and G. tuberculatosporus M. Zang were described in China (Zang 1986; Zang et al. 1996; Li et al. 2003; Huang et al. 2021). Recently, abundant collections of Gyroporus were made in southwest, southeast, east, south and northeast China, which were carefully examined using morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, aiming at discovering more taxa to enrich the diversity of Gyroporus in China.

Morphological studies

Specimens were collected from temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of China including Jilin, Yunnan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Hainan Provinces. Specimens were described and photographed in the field and deposited in the Fungal Herbarium of Hainan Medical University (FHMU), Haikou City, Hainan Province of China. Color codes are from Kornerup and Wanscher (1981). Sections of the pileipellis were cut tangentially and halfway between the center and margin of the pileus. Sections of the stipitipellis were taken from the middle part along the longitudinal axis of the stipe. 5% KOH was used as a mounting medium for microscopic studies. All microscopic structures were drawn free hand from rehydrated material. The number of measured basidiospores is given as n/m/p, which indicate that the measurements were made on “n” basidiospores from “m” basidiomata of “p” collections. Dimensions of basidiospores are given as (a)b–c(d), where the range b–c represents a minimum of 90% of the measured values (5th to 95th percentile), and extreme values (a and d), whenever present (a < 5th percentile, d > 95th percentile), are in parentheses. Q refers to the length/width ratio of basidiospores; Qm refers to the average Q of basidiospores ± sample standard deviation. Box plots for basidiospore size were constructed using statistical software SPSS.

Molecular procedures

Total genomic DNA was obtained with Plant Genomic DNA Kit (TIANGEN Company, China) from materials dried with silica gel according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The primers used for amplifying the nuclear ribosomal large subunit RNA (28S) were LR0R/LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990; James et al. 2006), ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) for the nuclear rDNA region encompassing the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, along with the 5.8S rDNA (ITS), EF1-F/EF1-R (Mikheyev et al. 2006) for the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and RPB2-B-F1/RPB2-B-R (Wu et al. 2014) for the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (RPB2). PCR reactions were performed with 4 min initial denaturation at 95°C, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at appropriate temperature (50°C for 28S or ITS, 53°C for TEF1; 52°C for RPB2) for 30 s, extension at 72°C for 120 s and a final extension at 72°C for 7 min. PCR products were checked in 1% (w/v) agarose gels, and positive reactions with a bright single band were purified and directly sequenced using an ABI 3730xl DNA Analyzer (Guangzhou Branch of BGI, China) with the same primers used for PCR amplifications. Forward or reverse sequences were compiled with BioEdit (Hall 1999).

Dataset assembly

Fifty-five sequences (twenty-one of 28S, seventeen of ITS, sixteen of TEF1, one of RPB2) from seventeen collections were newly generated. Edited sequences were deposited in GenBank; the GenBank accession numbers of 28S, ITS, and TEF1 are listed in Table 1, and one of RPB2 from G. longicystidiatus Nagas. & Hongo is presented here [N.K. Zeng2974 (FHMU1935): MW354541]. For the combined dataset, the 28S, ITS and TEF1sequences were aligned with selected sequences from GenBank and previous studies (Table 1). Phlebopus marginatus Watling & N.M. Greg. and Phlebopus sp. (REH8795) were chosen as the outgroup inferred from Davoodian et al. (2018). Single-gene phylogenetic trees based on the 28S, ITS, and TEF1 fragments, respectively, were analyzed to test for phylogenetic conflict. The topologies of the phylogenetic trees based on a single gene were almost identical, indicating that the phylogenetic signals present in the different gene fragments were not in conflict. Then, the sequences of the different genes were aligned using MUSCLE (Edgar 2004), and alignments were purged from unreliably aligned positions and gaps using Gblocks (Castresana 2000). The sequences of the different genes were concatenated using Phyutility v. 2.2 for further analyses (Smith and Dunn 2008).

Table 1

Taxa, vouchers, and GenBank accession numbers of the DNA sequences used in this study
Species	Voucher	Locality	28S	ITS	TEF1	References
Gyroporus aff. austrocastaneus	E4879c	Australasia	FJ710208	—	—	Wilson et al. (2011)
Gyroporus aff. castaneus	E843c	—	EU718170	—	—	Wilson et al. (2011)
Gyroporus aff. castaneus	CM061	Algeria	—	KP826761	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus aff. cyanescens	E486	Australia	EU718173	—	—	Wilson et al. (2011)
Gyroporus aff. cyanescens	REH8819	Western Austalia	EU718172	—	—	Wilson et al. (2011)
Gyroporus aff. cyanescens	E5685	Australia	EU718174	—	—	Wilson et al. (2011)
Gyroporus aff. cyanescens	REH8821	Western Australia	EU718139	—	FJ536673	Wilson et al. (2011; 2012)
Gyroporus aff. subalbellus	HONDURAS19-F036a	Honduras	—	MT571529	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus alpinus	LI1478-Strain1	Yunnan,SW China	MW151268	MW149435	—	Huang et al. (2021)
Gyroporus alpinus	LI1478-Strain2	Yunnan,SW China	MW151269	MW149438	—	Huang et al. (2021)
Gyroporus ammophilus	AH:45814	Spain	KX869892	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus ammophilus	AH:45842	Spain	KX869890	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus ammophilus	AH:45843	Spain	KX869891	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus austrobrasiliensis	ICN 184399	Brazil	MF437014	—	—	Magnago et al. (2018)
Gyroporus austrobrasiliensis	ICN 184400	Brazil	MF437015	—	—	Magnago et al. (2018)
Gyroporus austrobrasiliensis	ICN 184402	Brazil	—	MF437001	—	Magnago et al. (2018)
Gyroporus brunneofloccosus	GDGM74638	Guangdong, southern China	MW151266	MW149437	—	Huang et al. (2021)
Gyroporus brunneofloccosus	WU2644	Yunnan,SW China	MW151267	MW149436	—	Huang et al. (2021)
Gyroporus castanaeus	239 − 97	USA	AF336253	—	FJ536670	Binder and Bresinsky (2002); Wilson et al. (2012)
Gyroporus castanaeus	Gc1	Germany	AF336252	—	FJ536669	Binder and Bresinsky (2002); Wilson et al. (2012)
Gyroporus castanea	G_cast_1-1-2R	USA	—	JX030211	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	155–178	Japan	—	AB509594	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	3681	USA	—	KM248947	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	WA0000071027	Poland	—	MK028888	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	156–213	Japan	—	AB509618	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	FLAS-F-61844	USA	—	MH212108	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	JMP0028	—	—	EU819468	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	F:PRL5664	USA	—	GQ166901	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	F:PRL5664MAN	USA	—	GQ166887	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	FLAS-F-61255	USA	—	MH211836	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	F:PRL5948MAN	USA	—	GQ166885	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	F:PRL5872MAN	USA	—	GQ166884	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	S.D. Russell MycoMap 6269	USA	—	MK532856	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	FLAS-F-61497	USA	—	MH211929	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	Arora 01 512	—	FJ710209	—	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus castaneus	239 − 97	USA	—	EU718100	—	Wilson et al. (2011)
Gyroporus castaneus	NCJ16	USA	AY612808	—	—	Drehmel et al. (2008)
Gyroporus cf. castaneus	iNaturalist 31940211	USA	—	MN498109	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus cf. castaneus	Y.G. Fan3814 (FHMU3368)	Jilin, NE China	MW352984	MW380861	MW354539	this study
Gyroporus cyanescens	FLAS-F-61545	USA	—	MH211963	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus cyanescens	FLAS-F-61205	USA	—	MH211810	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus cyanescens	FLAS-F-61592	USA	—	MH211984	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus cyanescens	FLAS-F-60581	USA	—	MH016792	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus cyanescens	CNV67	—	—	MT345244	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus cyanescens	MCVE:28580	Italy	KT363685	KT363684	—	Vizzini et al. (2015)
Gyroporus cyanescens	17184	Italy	—	JF908785	—	Osmundson et al. ( 2013)
Gyroporus cyanescens	WA0000071032	Poland	—	MK028893	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus cyanescens	2837	—	—	KM248948	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus cyanescens	MB05-04	—	—	EU718102	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus cyanescens	AH 535	Spain	KX869893	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus cyanescens	AH 45841	Spain	KX869889	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus cyanescens	AH 45844	Spain	KX869888	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus cyanescens	AH:46009	Spain	KY576811	—	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus cyanescens	F1086418	—	EU718167	—	—	Wilson et al. (2011)
Gyroporus cyanescens	Gc2	Germany	EU718168	—	—	Wilson et al. (2011)
Gyroporus cyanescens	Gcy2	Germany	AF336254	—	—	Binder and Bresinsky (2002)
Gyroporus cyanescens	HKAS76672	Heilongjiang, NE China	KF112478	—	KF112311	Wu et al. (2014)
Gyroporus cyanescens	MCVE28580	Italy	KT363685	—	—	Vizzini et al. (2015)
Gyroporus cyanescens	MB 05 − 001	USA	EU718138	—	FJ536672	Wilson et al. (2011, 2012)
Gyroporus cyanescens	REH8758 (E8758c)	Australia	EU718171	—	—	Wilson et al. (2011)
Gyroporus cyanescens	REH8804	Thailand	EU718137	—	FJ536671	Wilson et al. (2011; 2012)
Gyroporus cyanescens var. cyanescens	NAMA190	—	—	EU819495	—	Palmer et al. 2008
Gyroporus flavocyanescens	WXL1182	Guizhou, SW China	MW442950	MW440550	—	Huang et al. (2021)
Gyroporus flavocyanescens	WXL1187	Guizhou, SW China	MW442951	MW440551	—	Huang et al. (2021)
Gyroporus lacteus	MCVE 28582	Italy	KT363683	—	—	Vizzini et al. (2015)
Gyroporus longicystidiayus	N.K.Zeng1348 (FHMU900)	Fujian, SE China	MW352975	MW380852	—	this study
Gyroporus longicystidiayus	N.K.Zeng1390 (FHMU937)	Fujian, SE China	MW352972	—	MW354529	this study
Gyroporus longicystidiayus	N.K.Zeng1409 (FHMU954)	Fujian, SE China	MW352980	MW380857	MW354536	this study
Gyroporus longicystidiayus	N.K.Zeng2456 (FHMU1582)	Hainan, southern China	MW352965	MW380845	—	this study
Gyroporus longicystidiayus	N.K.Zeng2974 (FHMU1935)	Hainan, southern China	MW352982	MW380859	MW354537	this study
Gyroporus longicystidiayus	N.K.Zeng3036 (FHMU1997)	Hainan, southern China	MW352983	MW380860	MW354538	this study
Gyroporus longicystidiayus	N.K.Zeng3273 (FHMU2234)	Fujian, SE Chin	MW352966	—	—	this study
Gyroporus longicystidiayus	Y.G. Fan2757 (FHMU3366)	Yunnan, SW China	MW352971	MW380849	MW354528	this study
Gyroporus longicystidiayus	N.K.Zeng4092 (FHMU3367)	Guangdong, southern China	MW352970	—	—	this study
Gyroporus memnonius	N.K.Zeng1378 (FHMU929)	Fujian, SE Chin	MW352979	MW380856	MW354535	this study
Gyroporus memnonius	M.S. Su45 (FHMU3369)	Jangxi, eastern China	MW352981	MW380858	—	this study
Gyroporus paramjitii	KD 162-002	India	MF120285	MF120284	—	Das et al. (2017)
Gyroporus paramjitii	N.K.Zeng3279 (FHMU2240)	Fujian, SE China	MW352967	MW380846	MW354525	this study
Gyroporus paramjitii	N.K.Zeng3282 (FHMU2243)	Fujian, SE China	MW352968	MW380847	MW354526	this study
Gyroporus porphyreus	N.K.Zeng1336 (FHMU888)	Fujian, SE China	MW352973	MW380850	MW354530	this study
Gyroporus porphyreus	N.K.Zeng1353 (FHMU905)	Fujian, SE China	MW352976	MW380853	MW354532	this study
Gyroporus porphyreus	N.K.Zeng1366 (FHMU917)	Fujian, SE China	MW352977	MW380854	MW354533	this study
Gyroporus porphyreus	N.K.Zeng1375 (FHMU926)	Fujian, SE China	MW352978	MW380855	MW354534	this study
Gyroporus porphyreus	N.K.Zeng3312 (FHMU2273)	Hainan, southern China	MW352969	MW380848	MW354527	this study
Gyroporus pseudocyanescens	AH:45840	Spain	KY576807	—	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus pseudocyanescens	OKM23719	Western Austalia	EU718140	—	—	Wilson et al. (2011)
Gyroporus pseudolacteus	AH 37878	Spain	KX869886	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus pseudolacteus	AH 39364	Spain	KX869880	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus pseudolacteus	AH 44522	Spain	KX869887	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus pseudolacteus	AH 45811	Spain	KX869883	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus pseudolacteus	AH 45812	Spain	KX869884	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus pseudolacteus	AH 45848	Spain	KX869881	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus pseudolacteus	AH 45849	Spain	KX869882	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus pseudolacteus	AH 45850	Spain	KX869885	—	—	Crous et al. (2017)
Gyroporus pseudolacteus	AH:55729	Spain	KY576806	—	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus purpurinus	PRL3737	USA	EU718141	EU718105	FJ536674	Wilson et al. (2011; 2012)
Gyroporus purpurinuss	Chpn776	USA	—	KX389110	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus sp.	N.K.Zeng1378 (FHMU929)	Fujian, SE Chin	MW352979	MW380856	MW354535	this study
Gyroporus sp.	M.S. Su45 (FHMU3369)	Jangxi, eastern China	MW352981	MW380858	—	this study
Gyroporus sp.	15A_T2_C2	USA	—	KX899069	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus sp.	FLAS-F-61541	USA	—	MH211962	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus sp.	FLAS-F-61653	USA	—	MH212028	—	Unpublished
Gyroporus sp.	E8155	Australia	EF561627	—	GU187704	Unpublished; Binder et al. (2010)
Gyroporus sp.	HKAS 52520	Yunnan, SW China	KF112475	—	KF112309	Wu et al. (2014)
Gyroporus sp.	HKAS 63505	Yunnan,SW China	KF112476	—	KF112310	Wu et al. (2014)
Gyroporus sp.	Arora 00-429	Zimbabwe	EU718143	—	FJ536676	Wilson et al. (2011; 2012)
Gyroporus sp.	REH8799	Thailand	EU718142	—	FJ536675	Wilson et al. (2011; 2012)
Gyroporus subalbellus	OKM25477	North America	EU718144	—	FJ536677	Wilson et al. (2011; 2012)
Gyroporus subglobosus	N.K.Zeng1305 (FHMU859)	Fujian, SE China	MW352974	MW380851	MW354531	this study
Gyroporus subglobosus	M. Mu419 (FHMU3364)	Jilin, NE China	MW352985	—	MW354540	this study
Phlebopus marginatus	REH8883	Western Austalia	EU718145	—	FJ536678	Wilson et al. (2011; 2012)
Phlebopus portentosus	REH8795	Thailand	FJ153623	—	FJ536680	Wilson et al. (2011; 2012)

Phylogenetic analyses

The combined nuclear dataset (28S + ITS + TEF1) was analyzed with Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). Maximum likelihood tree generation and bootstrap analyses were performed with the program RAxML 7.2.6 (Stamatakis 2006) running 1000 replicates combined with an ML search. Bayesian analysis with MrBayes 3.1 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2005) implementing the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique and parameters predetermined with MrModeltest 2.3 (Nylander 2004) was performed. The model of evolution used in the Bayesian analysis was determined with MrModeltest 2.3 (Nylander 2004). For the combined dataset, the best-fit likelihood models of 28S, ITS and TEF1 were GTR + I + G, HKY + I + G, SYM + I + G, respectively. Bayesian analysis was repeated for five point seven million generations and sampled every 100 generations; trees sampled from the first 25% of the generations were abandoned as burn-in; the average standard deviation of split frequencies was restricted to be below 0.01, and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) were then calculated for a majority consensus tree of the retained Bayesian trees.

The combined Gyroporus dataset (28S + ITS + TEF1) consisted of 107 taxa and 2566 nucleotide sites, and the alignment was deposited in TreeBASE (S27451). The phylogram with branch lengths generated from BI, including the support values is shown in Fig. 1. The topologies of the phylogenetic trees based on the combined dataset generated from ML and BI analyses were almost identical, but statistical support showed slight differences.

The present molecular data indicate that the Chinese collections of Gyroporus were grouped into ten independent lineages (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) (Fig. 1). Lineage 1, with strong statistical support (BS = 100%, PP = 1.0), included two collections (WXL1187 and WXL1182) of G. flavocyanescens, both from southwestern China; in lineage 2, two specimens of G. alpinus (LI1478-Strain1 and LI1478-Strain2) both from southwestern China grouped together with high statistical supported (BS = 99, PP = 1); lineage 3, with strong statistical support (BS = 100, PP = 1), included two collections of G. brunneofloccosus (GDGM74638 and WU2644) from southern China and southwestern China, respectively; in lineage 4, one collection numbered FHMU929 from southeastern China, and another one numbered FHMU3369 from eastern China grouped together with strong statistical support (BS = 100, PP = 1); in lineage 5, one collection numbered FHMU3368 and one material labeled as G. castaneus, both from northeastern China, and one collection also labeled as G. castaneus from Germany grouped together with 59% bootstrap support; in lineage 6, one specimen numbered FHMU3366 from southwestern China and four collections numbered FHMU900, FHMU937, FHMU954, FHMU2234, respectively, all from southeastern China, four entries numbered FHMU1582, FHMU1935, FHMU1997, FHMU3367, respectively, all from southern China, and one collection labeled Gyroporus sp. (REH8799) from Thailand grouped together with high statistical support (BS = 100, PP = 1); lineage 7, one specimen labeled Gyroporus sp. (HKAS52520) from southwestern China; in lineage 8, one collection numbered FHMU3364 from northeastern China, and another one numbered FHMU859 from southeastern China grouped together with strong statistical support (BS = 100, PP = 1); lineage 9 including four collections numbered FHMU888, FHMU905, FHMU917, FHMU926, respectively, from southeastern China, one accession numbered FHMU2273 from southern China, and one specimen identified as G. castaneus from Japan was strongly supported (BS = 100, PP = 1); in lineage 10, two samples numbered FHMU2240 and FHMU2243, respectively, from southeastern China, one collection labeled Gyroporus sp. (HKAS63505) from southwestern China, one specimen named G. castaneus from Thailand and the holotype of G. paramjitii K. Das, D. Chakraborty & Vizzini (2017: 671) grouped together with strong statistical supported (BS = 100, PP = 1) (Fig. 1).

Taxonomy

Gyroporus cf. castaneus (Bull. : Fr.) Quél., Enchir. Fung.: 161, 1886

Figure 2a–c and Fig. 4

Basidiomata medium-sized. Pileus 7.9–10 cm diam., convex when young, then applanate; margin uplifted when old; surface dry, subtomentose, yellow (5A5) to yellow-brown (5B6); context 0.9–1.1 cm in thickness in the center of the pileus, white, unchanging in color when injured. Hymenophore poroid, depressed around apex of stipe; pores subrounded to angular, 0.3–0.5 mm diam, white (1A1) when young, then brown-yellow (5A6), unchanging in color when bruised; tubes 0.6–0.8 cm in length, white (1A1) to light yellow (1A2), unchanging in color when injured. Stipe 11–14 × 2.7–3.4 cm, central, subcylindric, brittle, hollow; surface dry, subtomentose, yellow-brown (4B5) to orange-brown (5B5); context white (1A1), brown (5B6) in age, unchanging in color when injured; annulus absent; basal mycelium white (1A1). Odor indistinct.

Basidia 20–30 × 9–14 µm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-spored, colorless in KOH; sterigmata 2–6 µm long. Basidiospores [40/2/1] 8–10(–11) × (4–)4.5–6(–7) µm, Q = (1.5–)1.6–2.1(–2.2), Qm = 1.81 ± 0.16, oval to ellipsoid, slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm), yellow-brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm) hyphae, 4–16 µm wide, colorless in KOH. Cheilocystidia 17–26 × 6–12 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 15–32 × 7–13 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm 80–120 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), light yellow in KOH hyphae 5–15 µm in width; terminal cells 30–80 × 10–13 µm, clavate or subcylindrical, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 5–17 µm in diam., slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), light yellow in KOH. Stipitipellis a trichoderm-like structure 60–90 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), 5–12 µm wide, light yellow in KOH, emergent hyphae with clavate terminal cells (31–66 × 6–11 µm). Stipe trama composed of cylindrical, light yellow in KOH, slightly thick-walled (0.8–1 µm), interwoven hyphae 4–17 µm diam. Clamp connections present in all tissues.

Habitat

Scattered on the ground in forests dominated by fagaceous trees.

Known distribution

Northeastern, southeastern and eastern China.

Specimens examined: CHINA. Jilin Province: Yongan City, Changbaishan National Nature Reserve, elev. 1300 m, 10 August 2019, Y.G. Fan3814 (FHMU3368). Fujian Province: Zhangping City, Xinqiao Town, Chengkou Village, elev. 350 m, 4 August 2013, N.K. Zeng1378 (FHMU929). Jiangxi Province: Nanchang City, Campus of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, elev. 75 m, 4 June 2014, M.S. Su45 (FHMU3369).

Notes

Two Chines collections both from northeastern China phylogenetically clustered with one specimen identified as G. castaneus from Germany with low statistical support (Fig. 1); however, morphological features of our specimen match with the descriptions of G. castaneus (Heinemann and Rammeloo 1979; Moser 1983; Castro and Freire 1995). It is well known that G. castaneus was originally described from Europe (Quélet 1886), however, the collections named “G. castaneus” from Europe were resolved in more than one lineage of the tree (Fig. 1), the true G. castaneus should be redefined in the future. For the time being, the specimens from northeastern China (Fig. 1) are tentatively named G. cf. castaneus.

Gyroporus longicystidiatus Nagasawa & Hongo, Rep. Tottori Mycological Inst. 39: 18, 2001

Figure 2d–i and Fig. 5

Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus 2.7–9 cm diam., hemispheric, convex when young, then applanate; margin decurved when young, sometimes recurved when old; surface dry, subtomentose, drab, yellow-brown (4B5) to dark yellow-brown (4B8); context 0.3–1.1 cm in thickness in the center of the pileus, white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured. Hymenophore poroid, depressed around apex of stipe; pores subrounded to angular, 0.1–1 mm diam, white (1A1) when young, then light yellow (1A4), unchanging in color when bruised; tubes 0.2–0.7 cm in length, white (1A1) to light yellow (1A6), unchanging in color when injured. Stipe 3–7 × 0.6–2 cm, central, subcylindric, base slightly enlarged (2–2.5 cm), brittle, hollow; surface dry, subtomentose, light yellowish brown (5B5), light brown (5C5), brown (5D6); context white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured; annulus absent; basal mycelium grayish white (1B1) to white (1A1). Odor indistinct.

Basidia 20–33 × 10–14 µm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-spored, colorless in KOH; sterigmata 2–6 µm long. Basidiospores [220/11/7] (6–)7–9 (–11) × (3–)3.5–6 (–6.5) µm, Q = (1.2–)1.3–2(–2.7), Qm = 1.56 ± 0.24, oval to ellipsoid, slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm), yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm) hyphae, 4–15 µm wide, colorless in KOH. Cheilocystidia 23–98 × 9–21 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 38–140 × 12–21 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm 70–100 µm in thickness, consisting of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), light yellow in KOH, hyphae, 6–13 µm in width; terminal cells 41–69 × 9–11 µm, subfusiform, narrowly clavate or subcylindrical, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 4–18 µm in diameter, slightly thick-walled (0.8–1 µm), light yellow in KOH. Stipitipellis a trichoderm-like structure 60–100 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), 5–11 µm wide, light yellow in KOH, emergent hyphae with subfusiform, fusiform or clavate terminal cells (25–40 × 7–14 µm). Stipe trama composed of cylindrical, light yellow in KOH, slightly thick-walled (0.8–1 µm), interwoven hyphae 3–15 µm wide. Clamp connections present in all tissues.

Habitat

Solitary, scattered or gregarious on the ground in forests dominated by fagaceous trees.

Known distribution

Eastern (Chang et al. 2001; Chou et al. 2005), southwestern (Li 2007), southeastern and southern China; Japan (Nagasawa 2001); Thailand (Davoodian et al. 2018).

Specimens examined: CHINA. Hainan Province: Qiongzhong County, Yinggeling National Nature Reserve, elev. 650 m, 1 August 2015, N.K. Zeng2456 (FHMU1582); same location, 26 May 2017, N.K. Zeng2974 (FHMU1935). Fujian Province: Zhangping City, Xinqiao Town, Chengkou Village, elev. 350 m, 1 August 2013, N.K. Zeng1348 (FHMU900); same location, 7 August 2013, N.K. Zeng1390 (FHMU937); same location, 13 August 2013, N.K. Zeng1409 (FHMU954); Yongan City, Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, elev. 380 m, 17 August 2017, N.K. Zeng3273 (FHMU2234); Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Baihualing, elev. 1000 m, 8 July 2018, Y.G. Fan2757 (FHMU3366).

Notes: Gyroporus longicystidiatus, a species originally described from Japan (Nagasawa 2001) and later reported in China (Chang et al. 2001; Chou et al. 2005; Li 2007; Davoodian et al. 2018), is well characterized by a drab pileus, long and wide cystidia, and elliptical basidiospores with Qm = 1.56 ± 0.24. Our new collections match well with the protologue of G. longicystidiatus, except that the pleurocystidia were described as “absent” by Nagasawa (2001) whereas they are present in our specimens. Moreover, one new collection (FHMU1935) and true G. longicystidiatus defined by Davoodian et al. (2018) grouped together with strong statistical support based on RPB2 sequences (data not shown), which further proved that our specimens are conspecific. Besides Chinese collections, a single accession labeled Gyroporus sp. (REH8799) from Thailand should also be identified as G. longycystidiatus as inferred from our phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1).

Gyroporus memnonius N.K. Zeng, H.J. Xie & M.S. Su, sp. nov.

Figure 3l–m and Fig. 6

MycoBank: MB838353

Diagnosis

Characterized by a small to medium-sized basidioma, a dark brown pileus, a yellowish brown stipe, elliptical basidiospores with Qm = 2.07 ± 0.23, and a distribution in subtropical area of Asia.

Etymology

Latin “memonius” refers to the new species has a pileus colored with dark brown.

Holotype: CHINA. Fujian Province: Zhangping City, Xinqiao Town, Chengkou Village, elev. 350 m, 4 August 2013, N.K. Zeng1378 (FHMU929).

Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus 4.8–6 cm diam., convex when young, then applanate; margin decurved; surface dry, subtomentose, dark brown (5D7); context about 0.8 cm in thickness in the center of the pileus, white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured. Hymenophore poroid, depressed around apex of stipe; pores subrounded to angular, about 0.5 mm diam., white (1A1), then yellow (1A4), unchanging in color when bruised; tubes about 0.6 cm in length, white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured. Stipe 4–6 × 1–2 cm, central, subcylindric, base slightly enlarged, brittle, hollow; surface dry, subtomentose, brown-yellow (3A6) to yellow-brown (4B6); context white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured; annulus absent; basal mycelium white (1A1). Odor indistinct.

Basidia 19–25 × 6 µm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-spored, colorless in KOH; sterigmata 2–5 µm long. Basidiospores [40/2/2] 8–10 × 4–5 µm, Q = (1.78–)1.8–2.5, Qm = 2.07 ± 0.23, subfusiform to ellipsoid, slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm), yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm) hyphae, 3–10 µm wide, colorless in KOH. Cheilocystidia 15–32 × 4–9 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 17–40 × 4–10 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustation. Pileipellis a trichoderm 60–100 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1µm),light yellow in KOH, hyphae 5–13 µm in width; terminal cell 38–105 × 9–15 µm, clavate or subcylindrical, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 4–15 µm in diameter, slightly thick-walled (1 µm), light yellow in KOH. Stipitipellis a trichoderm-like structure 40–85 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1µm), 4–12 µm wide, light yellow in KOH, emergent hyphae with subfusiform, fusiform or clavate terminal cells (25–53 × 6–14 µm). Stipe trama composed of cylindrical, light yellow in KOH, slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), interwoven hyphae 4–15 µm wide. Clamp connections present in all tissues.

Habitat

Solitary on the ground in forests domainated by fagaceous trees.

Known distribution

Southeastern China.

Additional specimen examined: CHINA. Jiangxi Province: Nanchang City, Campus of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, elev. 75 m, M.S. Su45 (FHMU3369).

Notes: Gyroporus memnonius looks like G. ammophilus, G. castaneus, G. paramjitii K. Das, D. Chakraborty & Vizzini, G. punctatus Lj.N. Vassiljeva and G. tuberculatosporus. However, G. ammophilus has a large basidioma [pileus up to 15 (–20) cm], surfaces of the pileus and the stipe colored with salmon to brown, tubes and pores salmon to straw-color, becoming brown when young, a context salmon-color to pinkish cream, finally bluish, larger basidiospores measuring 8.5–12 × 4–5.5 (–6.5) µm, and a distribution in coniferous forests of Europe (Castro and Freire 1995); G. castaneus has a larger basidioma (up to 10 cm), larger basidiospores measuring 8–12 (–14) × 4.5–6 (–7) µm, and a distribution in Europe (Heinemann and Rammeloo 1979; Moser 1983; Castro and Freire 1995); G. paramjitii, a species originally described from India, has a dark brown stipe, and larger basidiospores measuring (7.5–) 8–11.6 (–13) × (4.8–) 5–6.6 (–7) µm (Das et al. 2017); G. punctatus, a species originally described from former Soviet Union, has a smaller basidioma, a rugulose-reticulate pileus, a rugulose stipe, and wider basidiospores measuring (7.2–) 7.8–10.4 (–12) × 4.8–6 µm (Vassiljeva 1950; Nagasawa 2001); Chinese G. tuberculatosporus has a larger basidiama (pileus up to 10 cm), surfaces of the pileus and the stipe colored with yellowish brown, and larger basidiospores measuring 9–11.3 × 5–8.7 µm (Zang et al. 2006).

Phylogenetically, G. memnonius is genetically distant from G. ammophilus and G. paramjitii; it is closely related to collections named G. castaneus from northeastern China, Europe, USA, respectively (Fig. 1). Phylogenetic relationships of G. memnonius to G. punctatus and G. tuberculatosporus are unknown due to a lack of DNA sequences from the latter two.

Gyroporus paramjitii K. Das, D. Chakraborty & Vizzini, Nordic J. Bot. 35(6): 671, 2017

Figure 3a–b and Fig. 7

Basidiomata small-sized. Pileus 2.5–5 cm diam., convex when young, then applanate; margin decurved; surface dry, densely covered with red-brown (6C7), orange-brown (5B8) to dark red-brown (6C8) squamules; context 0.7–1 cm in thickness in the center of the pileus, white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured. Hymenophore poroid, depressed around apex of stipe; pores subrounded to angular, about 0.5 mm diam, white (1A1), then yellow (1A4), unchanging in color when bruised; tubes 0.6–0.8 cm in length, white (1A1), then yellowish (2A6), unchanging in color when injured. Stipe 3–4 × 0.4–1 cm, central, subcylindric, base slightly enlarged, brittle, hollow; surface dry, tomentose, red-brown (5B8) to dark red-brown (6D8); context white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured; annulus absent; basal mycelium white (1A1). Odor indistinct.

Basidia 11–16 × 6 µm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-spored, colorless in KOH; sterigmata 2–6 µm long. Basidiospores [140/7/2] 7–9 × (4–)5–6 µm, Q = (1.2–)1.4–1.8(–2), Qm = 1.59 ± 0.13, oval to ellipsoid, slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm), yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 0.8 µm) hyphae, 4–16 µm wide, colorless in KOH. Cheilocystidia 20–41 × 5–15 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 20–43 × 7–15 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm 80–120 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), colorless in KOH, hyphae 4–16(–20) µm in width; terminal cells 20–65 × 11–20 µm, subfusiform, clavate or subcylindrical, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 4–18 µm in diameter, slightly thick-walled (0.8–1 µm), colorless in KOH. Stipitipellis a trichoderm-like structure 60–90 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), 5–13(–18) µm wide, light yellow in KOH, emergent hyphae with subfusiform, fusiform or clavate terminal cells (35–65 × 7–22 µm). Stipe trama composed of cylindrical, light yellow in KOH, thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), interwoven hyphae, 5–19 µm wide. Clamp connections present in all tissues.

Habitat

Gregarious on the ground in forests dominated by fagaceous trees.

Known distribution

Southeastern and southwestern China (Yang et al. 2021); India (Das et al. 2017).

Specimens examined: CHINA. Fujian Province: Yongan City, Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, elev. 380 m, 17 August 2017, N.K. Zeng3279, 3282 (FHMU2240, 2243).

Notes: Our molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that Chinese collections and the holotype of G. paramjitii, a species originally described from India (Das et al. 2017), grouped together with strong statistical support (Fig. 1), which indicates that our new specimens should be recognized as G. paramjitii. Morphologically, our new collections match well with the protologue of G. paramjitii (Das et al. 2017), except that the size of cheilocystidia is slightly different, those from Indian collections being 27–45 × 5–7 µm (Das et al. 2017), whereas cheilocystidia from Chinese specimens are 20–35 × 7–13 µm. The diagnostic morphological features of G. paramjitii are summarized as follows: a small basidioma, a pileus covered with red-brown to dark red-brown squamules, oval to ellipsoid basidiospores with Qm = 1.59 ± 0.13, relatively short hymenial cystidia, and the hyphae in the pileipellis usually with cystidioid terminal cells. Besides the aforementioned collections, two vouchers labeled G. castanaeus (RWH8804) from Thailand and G. sp. (HKAS63505) from southwestern China, respectively, should also be identified as G. paramjitii as inferred from our phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1).

Gyroporus porphyreus N.K. Zeng, H.J. Xie & Zhi Q. Liang, sp. nov.

Figure 3c–h and Fig. 8

MycoBank: MB838354

Diagnosis

Characterized by a small to medium-sized basidioma, a pileus colored with yellow-brown, brown to red-brown when young, then purple, a brown, pale red-brown to red-brown stipe, oval to ellipsoid basidiospores with Qm = 1.67 ± 0.34, relatively short hymenial cystidia, and a distribution in subtropical region of China.

Etymology

Latin “porphyreus” refers to the pileus of the new species colored with purple when old.

Holotype: CHINA. Fujian Province: Zhangping City, Xinqiao Town, Chengkou Village, elev. 350 m, 3 August 2013, N.K. Zeng1366 (FHMU917).

Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus 3–7 cm diam., convex when young, then applanate; margin recurved; surface dry, tomentose, yellow-brown (4A5), brown (5A6-5B8) to red-brown (7C4) when young, then purple (7C4); context 0.5–0.7 cm in thickness in the center of the pileus, white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured. Hymenophore poroid, nearly adnate to slightly depressed around apex of stipe; pores subrounded to angular, 0.3–0.5 mm diam, white when young, then yellow to yellow-brown (1A1-5A6), unchanging in color when bruised; tubes 0.3–0.5 cm in length, yellowish (2A5), unchanging in color when injured. Stipe 3–5.5 × 0.7–1.8 cm, central, subcylindric, base slightly enlarged, brittle, hollow; surface dry, tomentose, brown (6D6), pale red-brown (7C5) to red-brown (8E6); context white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured; annulus absent; basal mycelium white (1A1). Odor indistinct.

Basidia 21–30 × 11–13.5 µm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-spored, colorless in KOH; sterigmata 2–8 µm long. Basidiospores [240/12/5] (6.5–)7–10.5(–11) × (3.5–)4–5.5 (–6) µm, Q = (1.27–)1.4–2.56(–2.67), Qm = 1.67 ± 0.34, oval to ellipsoid, slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm), yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm) hyphae, 4–10 µm wide, colorless in KOH. Cheilocystidia 19–22 × 7–11 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 21–42 × 9–14.5 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm about 130 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), light yellow in KOH, hyphae 6–12 µm in width; terminal cells (31–)60–95 × 7–13 µm, subfusiform or subcylindrical, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 4–18 µm in diameter, slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), light yellow in KOH. Stipitipellis a trichoderm-like structure about 100 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), 5–12 µm wide, light yellow in KOH, emergent hyphae with subfusiform, fusiform or clavate terminal cells (26–100 × 9–11 µm). Stipe trama composed of cylindrical, light yellow in KOH, slightly thick-walled (0.8–1 µm), interwoven hyphae, 5–17 µm wide. Clamp connections present in all tissues.

Habitat

Solitary or scattered on the ground in forests dominated by fagaceous trees.

Known distribution

Southeastern China.

Additional specimens examined: CHINA. Fujian Province: Zhangping City, Xinqiao Town, Chengkou Village, elev. 350 m, 30 July 2013, N.K. Zeng1336 (FHMU888); same location, 1 August 2013, N.K. Zeng1353 (FHMU905); same location, 3 August 2013, N.K. Zeng1375 (FHMU926); same location, 22 August 2017, N.K. Zeng3312 (FHMU3131).

Notes

The pileus of G. atroviolaceus and G. purpurinus is also tinged with purple, however, G. atroviolaceus, a species firstly described from Indonesia, has a pileus colored with black besides purple, wider basidiospores measuring 8.5–10 × 6–6.5 µm, and longer cystidia (Corner 1972; Horak 2011); G. purpurinus has larger basidiospores measuring 8–11(–12) × (4–)4.8–7 µm, narrower cystidia measuring 23–50 × 3.3–8 µm, and a distribution in the eastern United States and adjacent Mexico and Canada (Davoodian and Halling 2013). Besides, G. porphyreus also resembles G. borealis Davoodian, O. Asher, Sturgeon, Ammirati & Delaney and G. smithii Davoodian. Nevertheless, G. borealis has slightly longer basidiospores measuring (8.0–)8.8–11(–12) × 4.8–5.6(–6.4) µm, narrower cheilocystidia measuring 31.2–36.8 × 6.4–8 µm without observing pleurocystidia and was recorded under planted landscape trees in Washington, USA; G. smithii has narrower cystidia measuring 24–36 × 4–8 µm, thicker pileipellis hyphae 6–20 µm broad and distributing in USA (Davoodian et al. 2020). Phylogenetically, G. porphyreus is distant from G. purpurinus. Phylogenetic relationships of G. porphyreus with G. atroviolaceus is unknown due to a lack of DNA sequences from the latter. Moreover, we also noted that G. porphyreus is phylogenetically related to the Europen G. ammophilus (Fig. 1). However, G. ammophilus has a large basidioma [up to 15 (–20) cm], surfaces of the pileus and the stipe colored with salmon to brown, tubes and pores salmon to straw-color, becoming brown with age, a context salmon-color to pinkish cream and finally bluish, longer basidiospores measuring 8.5–12 × 4–5.5 (–6.5) µm, and a distribution in coniferous forests (Castro and Freire 1995). In addition, our molecular data also indicate that one collection labeled G. castaneus from Japan and specimens of G. porphyreus grouped together with strong statistical support (Fig. 1), indicating that the Japanese material should be identified as G. porphyreus.

Gyroporus subglobosus N.K. Zeng, H.J. Xie, L.P. Tang & M. Mu sp. nov.

Figure 3i–j and Fig. 9

MycoBank: MB838355

Diagnosis

Characterized by a small basidioma with a yellowish brown, red- brown to dark brown pileus, a brown to red-brown stipe, subglobose to ellipsoid basidiospores with Qm = 1.38 ± 0.17, and relatively short hymenial cystidia.

Etymology

Latin “subglobosus” refers to the subglobose basidiospores of the new species.

Holotype: CHINA. Jilin Province: Tonghua City, Yuhuangshan Park, elev. 400 m, 26 August 2019, M. Mu419 (FHMU3364).

Basidiomata small-sized. Pileus 2.5–3 cm diam., convex when young, then applanate; margin uplifted when old; surface dry, subtomentose, sometimes slightly rimose in age, yellow-brown (4B7), red-brown (7D6) to dark brown (5C7); context about 0.2 cm in thickness in the center of the pileus, white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured. Hymenophore poroid, depressed around apex of stipe; pores subrounded to angular, 0.5–1 mm diam, white when young, then yellow (1A2), unchanging in color when bruised; tubes 0.5–0.8 cm in length, yellowish (1A4), unchanging in color when injured. Stipe 5–8 × 0.8–1 cm, central, subcylindrical, base slightly enlarged, brittle, hollow; surface dry, subtomentose, brown (6C6) to red-brown (7C6); context white (1A1), unchanging in color when injured; annulus absent; basal mycelium white (1A1). Odor indistinct.

Basidia 20–29 × 11–15 µm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-spored, colorless in KOH; sterigmata 2–6 µm long. Basidiospores [40/2/2] 6.5–9.5(–10) × 5–7 µm, Q = 1.1–1.5(–1.9), Qm = 1.38 ± 0.17, subglobose to ellipsoid, slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm), light yellow in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm) hyphae, 4–15 µm wide, colorless in KOH. Cheilocystidia 18–21 × 5–7.5 µm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 17–35 × 7.5–10 µm, clavate, subfusiform to fusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm 90–160 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), light yellow in KOH, hyphae 4–14 µm in width; terminal cells 29–72 × 6–11.5 µm, clavate, subfusiform or fusiform, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 4–15 µm in diameter, thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), light yellow in KOH. Stipitipellis a trichoderm-like structure 50–100 µm in thickness, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), 5–10 µm wide, light yellow in KOH, emergent hyphae with clavate, broadly clavate or subfusiform terminal cells (20–55 × 7–12 µm). Stipe trama composed of cylindrical, light yellow in KOH, thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm), interwoven hyphae, 5–18 µm wide. Clamp connections present in all tissues.

Habitat

Scattered on the ground in forests dominated by Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zuccarini, Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour, or Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata.

Known distribution

Northeastern and southeastern China.

Additional specimen examined: CHINA. Fujian Province: Zhangping City, Xinqiao Town, Chengkou Village, elev. 350 m, 28 July 2013, N.K. Zeng1305 (FHMU859)

Notes

Morphologically, G. subglobosus looks like G. austrobrasiliensis A.C. Magnago & R.M. Silveira, G. castanaeus, G malesicus, G. mcnabbii Davoodian, Bougher & Halling, G. paramjitii and G. madagascariensis Buyck, O. Asher & Davoodian. However, G. austrobrasiliensis has surfaces of pileus and stipe tinged with orange, smaller basidiospores measuring (6–) 7–8 × 5–6 µm, pileipellis hyphae usually with subclavate terminal cells, and a distribution in Brazil (Magnago et al. 2018); G. castanaeus has a larger basidioma (more than 10 cm), longer basidiospores measuring 8–12 (–14) × 4.5–6 (–7) µm, and a distribution in Europe (Heinemann and Rammeloo 1979; Moser 1983; Castro and Freire 1995); Malaysian G. malesicus has a very small basidioma, narrower basidiospores measuring 9–10× 5–5.5 µm, and absence of clamp connections (Corner 1972; Horak 2011); G. mcnabbii has a larger basidioma (pileus up to 9 cm), longer basidiospores measuring (7.6–)8.4–10.7(–11.9) ×(4.9–)5.5–6.7(–7) µm, and a distribution in Australia (Davoodian et al. 2018); G. paramjitii has a dark brown stipe, longer basidiospores measuring (7.5–) 8–11.6 (–13) × (4.8–) 5–6.6 (–7) µm, and longer cheilocystidia (Das et al. 2017); G. madagascariensis has shorter and narrower basidiospores measuring 6.7–8.4(–9.1) × 4.1–5.2 µm, tubes that some areas discoloring to orange but lacking for cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia (Davoodian et al. 2020). Phylogenetically, G. subglobosus is distant from G. austrobrasiliensis, G. castanaeus and G. paramjitii. Phylogenetic relationships of G. subglobosus to G malesicus and G. mcnabbii are unknown due to a lack of DNA sequences from the latter two.

Key to Gyroporus species known from China

1. Context changing blue when injured................................ .......................................2

1. Context unchanging in color when injured……............................ ..........................5

2. Pileus dark brown, brown to light red-brown, without any yellow or orange tinge.................................................................................................G. brunneofloccosus

2. Pileus ivory yellow, greyish-yellow or flavous, grey-yellow, yellowish-brown, grey-orange to brownish-yellow.....................................................................................3

3. Basidioma distributed in alpine mixed forests dominated by Abies sp., Picea sp. and Quercus semicarpifolia; pileus small to medium-sized 3–6 cm wide......G. alpinus

3. Basidioma distributed in tropical forests dominated by Lithocarpus spp., Castanea spp. and Quercus spp.; pileus large 6–10 cm wide........................................................4

4. Pileus initially flavous to dull yellow or grey-yellow and then grey-orange to greyish-orange...................................................................................G. flavocyanescens

4. Pileus yellowish brown…………………...................................G. tuberculatosporus

5. Cystidia long (up to 100 µm)..............………............…..…..........G. longicystidiatus

5. Cystidia relatively short (up to 45 µm)……………………….....…………..................6

6. Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid (Qm < 1.5).............................G. subglobosus

6. Basidiospores oval to ellipsoid (Qm > 1.5) ..............................................................7

7. Pileus colored yellow-brown, brown to red-brown when young, then purple.........................................................................................................G. porphyreus

7. Pileus colored with yellow, yellow-brown, orange-brown, red-brown, dark brown to dark red-brown, without purple tinge…………………………………………….....8

8. Pileus densely covered with red-brown, orange-brown to dark red-brown squamules, and hyphae in the pileipellis usually with cystidioid terminal cells...................................………………………………………………...G. paramjitii

8. Pileus tomentose to subtomentose, yellow, yellow-brown to dark brown, and hyphae in the pileipellis usually without cystidioid terminal cells…………………....9

9. Pileus smaller (up to 6 cm), basidiospores narrower measuring 4–5 µm, and a distribution in subtropical area..................................................................G. memnonius

9. Pileus larger (up to 10 cm), basidiospores wider measuring (4–)4.5–6(–7) µm, and a distribution in a temperate area............................................................G. cf. castaneus

Gyroporus castaneus complex

Species of Gyroporus are easily recognized at genus level. However, taxa of the genus are difficult to distinguish due to the shortage of molecular phylogenetic studies and apparent morphological convergence in previous studies (Corner 1972; Singer et al. 1983; Castro and Freire 1995; Bougher and Syme 1998). With the rapid development of molecular phylogenetic analyses, many previously described taxa have been re-evaluated, providing a better understanding of the diversity of Gyroporus worldwide (Vizzini et al. 2015; Das et al. 2017; Davoodian et al. 2018; Magnago et al. 2018; Huang et al. 2021). For example, G. castaneus, originally described from Europe, was believed to be a widely distributed species in the world. Conversely, recent studies indicated that G. castaneus represents a species complex rather than a single widespread species. Our molecular data also show that collections named G. castaneus resolved in several different parts of the tree (Fig. 1). Interestingly, specimens of G. castaneus from Europe resolved in more than one part of the tree (Fig. 1). The true G. castaneus may just be restricted to a wide area comprising Europe, temperate and subtropical regions of Asia (Fig. 2), a hypothesis that should be confirmed with more collections and DNA sequences from the holotype locality of the species. In China, G. castaneus s. l. likely occurs in temperate and subtropical regions of China, collections identified as G. castaneus from tropical areas of the country are certainly to be referred to other species (Davoodian and Halling 2013). As for G. cyanescens, it also resolved in several different parts of the tree (Fig. 1), which indicated G. cyanescens also represents a species complex rather than a single widespread species.

Species diversity of Gyroporus from China

In the present study, unexpected abundant species diversity was revealed in China, and ten lineages of Gyroporus were uncovered (Fig. 1). Three (lineages 4, 8 and 9) are described as new: Gyroporus memnonius, G. subglobosus and G. porphyreus; five (lineages 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10) are previously described taxa: Gyroporus flavocyanescens, Gyroporus alpinus, Gyroporus brunneofloccosus, G. longicystidiatus and G. paramjitii; one (lineage 5) is tentatively named G. cf. castaneus; and one (lineage 7) is not described due to the paucity of material. Besides the aforementioned species, there are two additional taxa described from China, viz. G. pseudomicrosporus and G. tuberculatosporus. It is worth noting that G. pseudomicrosporus is not a true Gyroporus (Dr. N. Davoodian, private communications). At the same time, we also noted that basidiospores of G. tuberculatosporus were described as “tuberculatae” (Zang et al. 1996), but they are smooth according to our re-examinations of the holotype, moreover, the species is a member of G. cyanescens complex (Dr. N. Davoodian, private communications). In the future, more collections from a wide area (including the type locality), and more DNA sequences are expected for elucidating their true taxonomic relationships to other Gyroporus species. In previous studies, G. atroviolaceus, G. cyanescens, G. malesicus and G. purpurinus were also reported in China (Zang 1986; Zang et al. 1996; Li and Song 2003), yet their occurrence in the country remains to be confirmed.

Phylogenetic relationships and geographic divergence of Gyroporus

Recent phylogenetic studies have uncovered useful information concerning

the phylogeny and geography of Gyroporus (Davoodian et al. 2018). Our molecular data based on three-locus DNA sequences with a number of additional collections

from East Asia provide new insights. It is evident there are common or allied species shared between East Asia and Europe/North America as inferred from our data set (Fig. 1). For example, collections tentatively named G. cf. castaneus as occurring in temperate areas of East Asia and Europe was uncovered. Similar scenarios have been documented for many other fungi (Tang et al. 2013; Cui et al. 2016; Huang et al. 2020). The affinities of Gyroporus species between East Asia and Southeast/South Asia are evident (Fig. 1), both regions share two common taxa, i.e., G. longicystidiatus (East Asia-Southeast Asia) and G. paramjitii (East Asia-South Asia). In addition, G. longicystidiatus and G. porphyreus both occur in China and Japan.

Acknowledgments The authors are very grateful to the following people: Dr. Y.C. Li and Dr. Y.Y. Cui, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for providing valuable literature; Dr. N. Davoodian, the New York Botanical Garden, New York, for providing information of G. pseudomicrosporus and G. tuberculatosporus; Mrs. X.M. Zeng and Miss M.H. Zheng, No. 3 Middle School of Zhangping City, Fujian Province, Mr. C.M. Zheng, teachers’ College for Vocational Studies of Zhangping City, Fujian Province, and the forest rangers (Yinggeling Substation, Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, China), for their kind help during the field investigations.

Authors’ contributions Conceptualization: Zhi-Qun Liang and Nian-Kai Zeng; Methodology: Hui-Jing Xie; Performing the experiment: Hui-Jing Xie; Formal analysis: Hui-Jing Xie and Zhi-Qun Liang; Resources: Nian-Kai Zeng, Li-Ping Tang, Man Mu, Yu-Guang Fan and Shuai Jiang; Writing—original draft preparation: Hui-Jing Xie ; Writing—review and editing: Zhi-Qun Liang and Nian-Kai Zeng; Supervision: Nian-Kai Zeng; Project administration: Nian-Kai Zeng; Funding acquisition: Nian-Kai Zeng and Hui-Jing Xie . All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding This study was supported by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 820RC633), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31760008 and 31560005), and the Innovative Research Projects for Graduate Students in Hainan Province, China (No. Hys2020-359).

Data availability The sequence data generated in this study are deposited in NCBI GenBank.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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28 Aug, 2021
Editor assigned by journal
23 Aug, 2021
First submitted to journal
21 Aug, 2021

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A Contribution to Knowledge of Gyroporus (Gyroporaceae, Boletales) in China: Three New Taxa and Amended Descriptions of Two Previous Species

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Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Morphological studies

Molecular procedures

Dataset assembly

Phylogenetic analyses

Results

Taxonomy

Discussion

Gyroporus castaneus complex

Declarations

References

Status:

Version 1