1 COVID-19 situation update worldwide, as of week 52 2020. Eur. Cent. Dis. Prev. Control. 2021.https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases (accessed 3 Jan 2021).
2 Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;0. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30243-7
3 O’Driscoll M, Ribeiro Dos Santos G, Wang L, et al. Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2020;:1–6. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2918-0
4 Marois G, Muttarak R, Scherbov S. Assessing the potential impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy. PLoS One 2020;15:e0238678. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238678
5 Gardner JW, Sanborn JS. Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)—What Does it Measure? Epidemiology 1990;1:322–9.https://journals.lww.com/epidem/Abstract/1990/07000/Years_of_Potential_Life_Lost__YPLL__What_Does_it.12.aspx
6 Mitra AK, Payton M, Kabir N, et al. Potential Years of Life Lost Due to COVID-19 in the United States, Italy, and Germany: An Old Formula with Newer Ideas. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17. doi:10.3390/ijerph17124392
7 Arolas HP i, Acosta E, Casasnovas GL, et al. Global years of life lost to COVID-19. Center for Open Science 2020. https://ideas.repec.org/p/osf/socarx/gveaj.html
8 Quast T, Andel R, Gregory S, et al. Years of life lost associated with COVID-19 deaths in the United States. J Public Health (Bangkok) 2020;42:717–22. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa159
9 Felix-Cardoso J, Vasconcelos H, Rodrigues P, et al. Excess mortality during COVID-19 in five European countries and a critique of mortality analysis data. medRxiv 2020;:2020.04.28.20083147. doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.20083147
10 Eurostat: Weekly deaths – special data collection. eurostat.eu. 2020.https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/demomwk_esms.htm (accessed 15 Dec 2020).
11 World Health Organization (WHO). International Guidelines for Certification and Classification (coding) of COVID-19 as Cause of Death; Based on ICD International Statistical Classification of Diseases. WHO 2020. https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/Guidelines_Cause_of_Death_COVID-19.pdf?ua=1
12 World Bank Open Data | Data. 2020.https://data.worldbank.org/ (accessed 20 Nov 2020).
13 Estimates of the population for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland - Office for National Statistics. 2020.https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland (accessed 20 Nov 2020).
14 Commission E. Statistics | Eurostat. Popul. 1 January by age sex. 2020.https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_pjan/default/table?lang=en (accessed 23 Nov 2020).
15 Romeder JM, McWhinnie JR. Potential years of life lost between ages 1 and 70: an indicator of premature mortality for health planning. Int J Epidemiol 1977;6:143–51. doi:10.1093/ije/6.2.143
16 Haenszel W. A standardized rate for mortality defined in units of lost years of life. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1950;40:17–26. doi:10.2105/ajph.40.1.17
17 Department of Information E and R, WHO. WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000-2016. Geneva, Switzerland: 2018. https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalDALY_method_2000_2016.pdf
18 Oh I-H, Ock M, Jang SY, et al. Years of Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in High-incidence Countries. J Korean Med Sci 2020;35. doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e300
19 PopulationPyramid.net. Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100. PopulationPyramid.net. 2019.https://www.populationpyramid.net/ world/2019/ (accessed 9 Feb 2021).
20 Ahmad OB, Boschi-Pinto C, Gomez-Auli A, et al. Age standardization of rates: a new WHO standard. Published Online First: 23 December 2001.https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=3c53ea70-1068-4276-b466-be49082fbf15
21 Souzana Achilleos, Annalisa Quattrocchi, John Gabel et al. Excess all-cause mortality and COVID-19 related mortality: a temporal analysis in 22 countries, from January until August 2020. Int J Epidemiol 2021;in press.
22 Hanlon P, Chadwick F, Shah A, et al. COVID-19 ? exploring the implications of long-term condition type and extent of multimorbidity on years of life lost: a modelling study [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2021;5. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15849.2
23 Elledge SJ. 2.5 Million Person-Years of Life Have Been Lost Due to COVID-19 in the United States. medRxiv 2020;:2020.10.18.20214783. doi:10.1101/2020.10.18.20214783
24 Kontis V, Bennett JE, Rashid T, et al. Magnitude, demographics and dynamics of the effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality in 21 industrialized countries. Nat Med 2020;:1–10. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1112-0
25 Vestergaard LS, Nielsen J, Richter L, et al. Excess all-cause mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe – preliminary pooled estimates from the EuroMOMO network, March to April 2020. Eurosurveillance 2020;25:2001214. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.26.2001214
26 Madsen W, Kao JS, Burn-Murdoch J, et al. Coronavirus tracker: the latest figures as countries fight Covid-19 resurgence | Free to read. 2020.https://www.ft.com/content/a2901ce8-5eb7-4633-b89c-cbdf5b386938
27 Modig K, Ahlbom A, Ebeling M. EXCESS MORTALITY FROM COVID-19. WEEKLY EXCESS DEATH RATES BY AGE AND SEX FOR SWEDEN AND ITS MOST AFFECTED REGION. Eur J Public Health Published Online First: 20 November 2020. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa218
28 Campbell A, Morgan E. Comparisons of all-cause mortality between European countries and regions: January to June 2020. United Kingdom: : Office for National Statistics 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/articles/comparisonsofallcausemortalitybetweeneuropeancountriesandregions/januarytojune2020#toc
29 Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries. Econ Published Online First: 17 December 2020.https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/07/15/tracking-covid-19-excess-deaths-across-countries
30 Benítez MA, Velasco C, Sequeira AR, et al. Responses to COVID-19 in five Latin American countries. Heal Policy Technol 2020;9:525–59. doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.014
31 Roser M, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, et al. Cape Verde: Coronavirus Pandemic Country Profile. Our World Data. 2020.https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/cape-verde (accessed 15 Dec 2020).
32 Rutayisire E, Nkundimana G, Mitonga HK, et al. What works and what does not work in response to COVID-19 prevention and control in Africa. Int J Infect Dis 2020;97:267–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.024
33 Wong ACP, Li X, Lau SKP, et al. Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses. Viruses 2019;11. doi:10.3390/v11020174
34 Njenga MK, Dawa J, Nanyingi M, et al. Why is There Low Morbidity and Mortality of COVID-19 in Africa? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020;103:564–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0474
35 Yamamoto N, Bauer G. Apparent difference in fatalities between Central Europe and East Asia due to SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19: Four hypotheses for possible explanation. Med Hypotheses 2020;144:110160. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110160
36 Gupta R, Misra A. COVID19 in South Asians/Asian Indians: Heterogeneity of data and implications for pathophysiology and research. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020;165:108267. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108267
37 Australia: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2021.https://covid19.who.int (accessed 9 Feb 2021).
38 World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int (accessed 23 Oct 2020).
39 Zhao S, Cao P, Chong MKC, et al. COVID-19 and gender-specific difference: Analysis of public surveillance data in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China, from January 10 to February 15, 2020. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020;41:750–1. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.64
40 Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020;0:null. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
41 Gebhard C, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Neuhauser HK, et al. Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biol Sex Differ 2020;11:29. doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9
42 Vega R de la, Ruíz-Barquín R, Boros S, et al. Could attitudes toward COVID-19 in Spain render men more vulnerable than women? Glob Public Health 2020;15:1278–91. doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1791212
43 Channappanavar R, Fett C, Mack M, et al. Sex-Based Differences in Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. J Immunol (Baltimore, Md 1950) 2017;198:4046–53. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601896
44 Medina-Enríquez MM, Lopez-León S, Carlos-Escalante JA, et al. ACE2: the molecular doorway to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Biosci 2020;10:148. doi:10.1186/s13578-020-00519-8
45 Shim E, Tariq A, Choi W, et al. Transmission potential and severity of COVID-19 in South Korea. Int J Infect Dis 2020;93:339–44. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.031
46 Bwire GM. Coronavirus: Why Men are More Vulnerable to Covid-19 Than Women? Sn Compr Clin Med 2020;:1–3. doi:10.1007/s42399-020-00341-w
47 Capuano A, Rossi F, Paolisso G. Covid-19 Kills More Men Than Women: An Overview of Possible Reasons. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020;7. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.00131
48 Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2020;94:91–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017
49 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Health Statistics 2020 - OECD. 2021.https://www.oecd.org/health/health-data.htm
50 Devleesschauwer B, McDonald SA, Speybroeck N, et al. Valuing the years of life lost due to COVID-19: the differences and pitfalls. Int J Public Health 2020;65:719–20. doi:10.1007/s00038-020-01430-2
51 Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 2021;:1–15. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z
52 Nurchis MC, Pascucci D, Sapienza M, et al. Impact of the Burden of COVID-19 in Italy: Results of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and Productivity Loss. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17. doi:10.3390/ijerph17124233
53 Jo M-W, Go D-S, Kim R, et al. The Burden of Disease due to COVID-19 in Korea Using Disability-Adjusted Life Years. J Korean Med Sci 2020;35. doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e199