Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile, rod-shaped opportunistic pathogen. It cause wide range of hospital acquired infections such as: wound infection, bacteremia, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections, particularly in immune compromised people1.
Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)- producing Enterobacteriaceae cause infection may associated with the treatment failure and increased mortality2. It is increasingly recognized as a serious, worldwide public health concern. That is why is very important to find out new strategies and ecofriendly drug to eradicate KPC and to control this emerging issue of multi drug resistant bacterial strains3. Among the genus Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenemases are more prevalent in K. pneumoniae isolates, which usually causes hospital acquired infections and outbreaks in Saudi Arabia. This is reported by Alotaibi 4. Also he found that both carbapenem producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae that isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, are more frequently K. pneumoniae (63%) compared with E. coli (55%)4.
The international travelling is the primary rout of the spread of KPC spreading in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates [UAE], Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, and Bahrain). Theses countries' strong economies have led to the arrival of large numbers of migrants to obtain work and medical care. Also, millions of Muslims visit Saudi Arabia for the Hajj and other religious events every year, which further promotes the spread of KPC5.
In Saudi Arabia, KPC is high incidence this may due to the large number of Pilgrims, visitors and migrant workers receives from endemic countries such as Turkey, India, and Pakistan every year6 Survey such as that conducted by Faiz and M7 have shown that the incidence of KPC among Makkah hospitals is about 48.4% from other carbapenem producing organisms7.
Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles, green synthesis of nanoparticles and biosynthesis of nanoparticles, all of these terms are called to synthesize Nano by using plants or microorganisms. Nanoparticles from such “green synthesis” have been used in the field of drug, gene delivery and various medical treatments including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, antioxidant and anti-biofilm inhibition8. Synthesis of oxide nanoparticles by using eukaryotic organism like fungi is good for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, because of their ability to produce large amount of enzymes 9.
Several attempts have been done to evaluate and experiment the antimicrobial activity of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-ONPs), On October 2020a group of researcher were studied the antimicrobial activity of biosynthesis Zn-ONPs using aqueous extracts of pomegranate leaves and flowers designated ZnO-NPs-PL, ZnO-NPs-PF. They found that ZnO-NPs were effective against all their selected pathogenic strains including Klebsiella pneumonia, then they reported that both ZnO-NPs can effectively be used as alternative antibacterial agents10. One study by11, showed that how ZnO NPs possess strong antimicrobial activity and can promote the antimicrobial activity of some beta-lactam antibiotics such as: Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli 11.
On the side of antimicrobial, ZnO appears to be strong potential to kill microorganisms whereas Zn-ONPs presented strong antibacterial activities on broad-spectrum pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Listeria monocytogenes. ZnO nanoparticles's mode of action occur through the inhibition of the bacterial growth by fell a part of the cell membrane and increasing the membrane permeability, affect the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide and final penetration of cell wall and disorganization of bacterial membrane12,13.