High Rate of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mutated Primary Lung Cancer in Patients with Primary Breast Cancer

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-763128/v1

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High Rate of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mutated Primary Lung Cancer in Patients with Primary Breast Cancer

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-763128/v1

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Background

With increased survival in breast cancer, resulting from advances in treatment, patients incur the possibility of subsequent primary malignancies, especially lung cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of CT-detected pulmonary ground-glass nodules and lung cancer following breast cancer diagnosis, the associations between breast cancer and lung cancer, the pathological features of double primary cancer, and the status of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in second primary lung cancer.

Methods

Clinical data from more than 8000 individuals who were diagnosed with primary breast cancer at Jiangsu Province Hospital (Jiangsu, China) between January 2008 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Of the 8048 patients, 55 (0.7%) were diagnosed with a second primary lung cancer, which accounted for approximately 14.8% of the pulmonary ground-glass opacity (GGO) detected. The incidence was higher than in the general female population (standardized incidence ratio 1.4 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–1.55]). Patients who experienced a second primary lung cancer exhibited a significantly higher rate of EGFR mutation (78.5%) than those with lung adenocarcinoma alone, with most exhibiting low-grade malignancy, older age, estrogen receptor negativity, low Ki67, and no lymph node metastasis.

Conclusions

Breast cancer patients, especially those with low-grade malignancy, were at high risk for developing primary lung cancer. For isolated GGO in patients with high-risk factors, clinicians should insist on close follow-up. Furthermore, EGFR may play an important role in primary lung adenocarcinomas and breast cancer.

Cancer Biology

Oncology

Neoplasms

multiple primary

Breast neoplasms

Lung neoplasms

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Breast cancer and lung cancer are the two most frequently diagnosed malignancies, have the highest morbidity, and are the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide¹. Advances in treatment and improved surgical techniques have extended the lifespan of breast cancer patients. However, with this prolonged survival, the risk of a second primary cancer has also increased. Approximately 10% of breast cancer patients experience another malignancy within 10 years after diagnosis, 5% of which are lung cancers^2,3.

What also warrants attention is that the number of women with a double primary cancer may also be increased. The most frequently observed second primary cancers in breast cancer patients are hematological tumors, melanomas, and cancers of the digestive tract, female reproductive system, lung, thyroid, ovary, and urinary tract.^4–6 Many studies have demonstrated that a second primary cancer is associated with a lower survival rate^7,8. However, little is known about secondary lung cancers that follow breast cancer. Although several epidemiological studies have investigated lung cancer secondary to breast cancer^9–13, assessed high-risk factors^14–17 for double primary malignancies, and examined the directional associations of estrogen receptor (ER) status¹⁴ in second lung cancers, the clinical characteristics of primary lung cancer following breast cancer have not been comprehensively described. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate breast cancer patients with a second primary lung cancer to explore the clinicopathological characteristics of primary lung cancer after breast cancer and to analyze the related associations of breast cancer with primary lung cancer, especially the mutation of EGFR in lung cancer, which may provide new insights for more precise treatment of tumors.

The incidence of primary lung cancer in patients with primary breast cancer

A total of 8048 patients with breast cancer were eligible for analysis. GGOs were detected in 403 (5.0%), and a definitive diagnosis of lung cancer was made in 55 (0.7%). Based on the incidence of cancer in China in 2015¹⁸, higher rates of second primary lung cancer occurred among breast cancer patients compared with the general female population (SIR 1.4 [95% CI 1.25–1.55]).

Clinicopathological Characteristics Of Patients With Double Primary Cancers

The clinicopathological characteristics of patients with breast cancer, including age, family history of malignancy, tumor size, histological type, lymph node metastasis, and clinical grade, are summarized in Table 1. Patients who experienced a second primary lung cancer were more likely to be older (p = 0.04). Patients with ER-negative breast cancer (p = 0.01), low Ki67 (p = 0.01), and no lymph node metastasis (p = 0.01) were more likely to develop a second primary lung cancer. There were no statistically significant differences in the other characteristics.

Table 1

Clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients.
Variable	BC-LC	BC alone	p-value	SIR
Age, years			0.0407
≤ 50	22	204		0.45
> 50	33	144		2.19
Family history of malignancy
Yes	16	248	0.2439	2.46
No	38	94		1.47
Unknown	1	6		0.08
Tumor size
≤ 2 cm	36	85	0.2430	1.19
>2 cm	19	263	0.2430	2.77
Estrogen receptor
Positive	42	171	0.0101	1.03
Negative	13	177	0.0101	2.11
Progesterone receptor
Positive	29	157	0.0133	1.08
Negative	26	191	0.0133	1.04
HER2
Positive	19	105	0.1697	1.32
Negative	36	243	0.1697	0.93
Ki67
<30%	33	114	0.0109	1.79
≥30%	17	152		1.02
Unknown	5	82		0.95
Lymph node metastasis
Yes	11	169	0.0136	1.07
No	44	179	0.0136	2.19
Grade
1–2	41	245	0.1799	3.04
3	14	103	0.1799	0.93
History of smoking
Yes	2	18
No/Unknown	53	330
Radiotherapy
Yes	31	186
None/Unknown	24	162
Data are presented as n unless otherwise indicated.
BC, breast cancer; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; LC, lung cancer; SIR, standardized incidence ratio

Of the 55 patients, 54 (98.2%) had lung adenocarcinoma and 1 (1.8%) had small cell lung cancer. Among these patients, EGFR status was assessed in 28, with an EGFR mutation rate of 78.5% (n = 22). We analyzed the relationship between EGFR mutation and breast cancer subtype and found that ER-positive patients were more likely to have EGFR mutations (Table 2a, Fig. 1). The progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), and Ki67 status had no statistically significant correlation with EGFR status (Table 2b, c, d).

Table 2

a. Correlation of EGFR mutation and ER status of breast cancer
No.		ER		Total
No.		Negative	Positive	Total
EGFR	Wild-type	3	3	6
EGFR	Mutated	0	22	22
Total		3	25	28
Fisher's exact test, p = 0.006
EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ER, estrogen receptor

Table 2

b. Correlation of EGFR mutation and PR status of breast cancer
No.		PR		Total
No.		Negative	Positive	Total
EGFR	Wild-type	4	2	6
EGFR	Mutated	7	15	22
Total		11	17	28
Fisher's exact test, p = 0.174
EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PR, progesterone receptor

Table 2

b. Correlation of EGFR mutation and PR status of breast cancer
No.		PR		Total
No.		Negative	Positive	Total
EGFR	Wild-type	4	2	6
EGFR	Mutated	7	15	22
Total		11	17	28
Fisher's exact test, p = 0.174
EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PR, progesterone receptor

Table 2

b. Correlation of EGFR mutation and PR status of breast cancer
No.		PR		Total
No.		Negative	Positive	Total
EGFR	Wild-type	4	2	6
EGFR	Mutated	7	15	22
Total		11	17	28
Fisher's exact test, p = 0.174
EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PR, progesterone receptor

We performed immunohistochemistry on 20 lung tumors. All patients were diagnosed as ER-negative, 95% (n = 19) had wild-type ALK, and 85% (n = 17) exhibited low Ki67 (< 30%).

Ct Imaging

Of the 55 patients with primary breast cancer and lung cancer who underwent CT, pGGOs were reported in 54.5% (n = 30), whereas mGGOs were found in 32.7% (n = 18), sGGOs in 10.9% (n = 6), and a combination of pGGO and sGGO in 1.8% (n = 1). The average tumor size among all patients was 14.2 mm (range, 4–29 mm).

All patients with wild type EGFR (n = 6) exhibited pGGOs. Among patients with EGFR mutations, 7 (31.8%) had pGGOs, 10 (45.5%) had mGGOs, and 5 (22.7%) had sGGOs (Table 3a; p = 0.012).

Table 3

a. Correlation of EGFR and type of GGO
No.		GGO			Total
No.		pGGO	mGGO	sGGO	Total
EGFR	Wild-type	6	0	0	6
EGFR	Mutated	7	10	5	22
Total		13	10	5	28
Fisher's exact test, p = 0.012
EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; GGO, ground glass opacity; pGGO, pure GGO; mGGO, mixed GGO; sGGO, solid GGO

Table 3

b. Correlation of EGFR and change in CT imaging of first time to follow up
No.		Change in CT		Total
No.		Stable lesion	Lesion progression	Total
EGFR	Wild-type	6	0	6
EGFR	Mutated	13	9	22
Total		19	9	28
Fisher's exact test, p = 0.136
EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; CT, computed tomography

At the first follow-up CT, the majority of patients (63% [n = 34]) exhibited no changes in GGO size. GGO regression at the first follow-up was observed in 1 patient who underwent endocrine therapy. Thirteen patients (46.4%) with EGFR mutation exhibited stable lesions at the first follow-up (Table 3a), but without statistical difference (Table 3b; p = 0.136).

Sites And Intervals Of Double Primary Cancer

Upon initial review of the 55 patients with double primary malignancy, 22 (40%) exhibited tumors on the same side, 32 (58.2%) had contralateral cancer (lung cancer occurring on the side opposite to the breast cancer), and 1 (1.8%) exhibited bilateral breast cancer (Fig. 2). As shown in Table 4, the chi-square value was 3.422 (P = 0.064)

Table 4

Site of spontaneous breast and lung cancer lesions
No.		Lung cancer		Total
No.		Left	Right	Total
Breast cancer	Left	9	20	29
Breast cancer	Right	14	11	29
Total		23	31	54
Chi-square 3.42 p = 0.064

The interval from breast cancer surgery to diagnosis of lung cancer ranged from 0–420 months, with a mean of 35 ± 13.0 months. Notably, 50 patients were first diagnosed with breast cancer, 3 had breast cancer and lung cancer discovered at the same time, and only 2 developed lung cancer before breast cancer.

Metastasis of breast cancer to the lungs is relatively common in clinical practice¹⁹. Therefore, in breast cancer patients who exhibit pulmonary nodules, lung metastasis is often the first diagnosis considered. However, a certain number of patients with breast cancer and primary lung cancer experience complications of solitary pulmonary nodules²⁰. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the frequency of primary lung cancer in breast cancer patients.

To address the deficiency of information regarding the development of a second primary cancer following breast cancer, we retrospectively reviewed data from the Jiangsu Province Hospital to analyze all patients with breast cancer and second primary lung cancer, as well as those with breast cancer diagnosed as a second primary cancer after lung cancer, between 2008 and 2018. Our research provides further evidence demonstrating that the occurrence of lung cancer is closely related to the development of breast cancer, especially lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutation. As breast cancer patients live longer, there is an increased possibility of developing subsequent primary lung cancer owing to underlying genetic or other factors²¹. An interesting phenomenon in our study was the higher frequency of second lung cancer in patients with low-grade malignancies, which differed from our expectations. Breast cancer patients who were older, had ER-negative cancer, had a low Ki67 index, and displayed no lymph node metastasis exhibited a significantly higher rate of development of a second primary lung cancer. The characteristics of second lung cancer were strikingly similar: 100% were ER-negative, 95% had wild-type ALK, and 85% exhibited low Ki67 (< 30%). Further, most patients had stable nodules at the first follow-up. We speculate that low malignancy contributes to longer survival times in cancer patients, and, given that the mean interval of diagnosis of double primary cancers was 35 ± 13.0 months, this was sufficient to permit the development of a second primary lung cancer.

Many previous studies have reported that second primary lung cancer rates are significantly higher in breast cancer patients than in patients with other primary cancers^8,16,21, which is consistent with the results of our study. The incidence of secondary primary lung cancer in breast cancer patients may have previously been higher, as there was no pathological diagnosis in the remaining 345 patients with stable GGOs. Chest CT at regular intervals could result in increased detection of pulmonary nodules. Further, the occurrence of stable GGO may be related to common risk factors, including genetics, heredity, hormones, and environmental factors. Previous studies have reported that breast cancer patients who undergo radiotherapy^15,22, smokers²³, and those treated with chemotherapy¹¹ have a higher possibility of developing secondary lung cancer.

Nevertheless, the higher risk for developing lung cancer in patients with primary breast cancer cannot be explained merely by regular follow-up. An interesting finding of our study was that the rate of EGFR mutation was as high as 75.6%, which is almost twice that in patients with non-small cell lung cancer without another primary cancer²⁴. This phenomenon has not been reported in previous studies. These observations suggest that EGFR signaling may play a crucial role in the development of concurrent lung and breast cancers. Several studies have reported that overexpression of EGFR is common in breast cancer patients and is associated with decreased survival^25–28. Moreover, previous reports have indicated that ER signaling plays an important role in primary lung cancer following breast cancer, and that activation of ER signaling occurs through EGFR/HER-1, thus confirming a correlation between ER expression and EGFR mutation^29–34. Patients with an acquired resistance to EGFR antagonists may, therefore, benefit from antiestrogen therapy¹². Moreover, EGFR and HER2 are members of the human epidermal growth factor receptor family, which are type I transmembrane growth factor receptors that activate intracellular signaling pathways and are major determinants of human cancer³⁵. According to previous studies, overexpression of EGFR is associated with apoptosis, angiogenesis, and formation of tumor vessels. Therefore, EGFR mutation may provide clues of a common etiological pathway between primary lung adenocarcinoma and breast cancer^36,37.

Patients with a second primary lung cancer were less likely to have pGGOs and more likely to have sGGOs, and those with EGFR mutations exhibited a similar trend (P = 0.05). Analysis of the correlation between CT image patterns and gene mutations demonstrated no statistical significance. Similarly, most of the GGOs had not changed in size at the first follow-up. Unexpectedly, the lesion in one of the patients who underwent endocrine therapy shrunk, consistent with a previous report that breast cancer patients with second primary lung cancers who are treated with antiestrogen therapy exhibit longer cancer-specific survival^12,33.

There were several limitations to the present study, the first of which was its retrospective, as opposed to prospective, design. Second, random variation and low statistical power resulted from the limited number of patients. Finally, the lack of long-term follow-up prevented us from observing more cancer-related events and assessing cancer-specific survival. The next step is to further follow up the patient, collect more clinical samples, and conduct basic research to explore its underlying mechanisms.

In conclusion, we observed that women diagnosed with breast cancer demonstrated an increased risk of second primary lung cancer. The present study is the first to report a higher rate of EGFR mutations in second primary lung cancer, which may play an important role in the development of double primary breast and lung cancer. This is an interesting clinical finding that can further the exploration of the mechanism behind elevated EGFR expression in patients with primary breast cancer and the mechanism of EGFR expression in lung cancer and breast cancer, paving the way for development of new drugs. Based on the results of the current research, we recommend that breast cancer patients who exhibit high-risk factors be closely followed. EGFR-targeted treatment represents an alternative option for these patients.

Study population

A review of medical charts at the Jiangsu Province Hospital (Jiangsu, China) revealed 8048 patients with pathologically confirmed breast cancer between January 2008 and December 2020. During this period, 6012 consecutive patients underwent diagnostic chest computed tomography (CT), and ground-glass opacities (GGOs) were detected in 890. Retrospective analysis of these patients’ medical records revealed a total of 55 patients with histologically confirmed lung adenocarcinoma. Clinical information, including pathology and immunohistochemistry of cancer tissues, EGFR status, date of GGO detection, and cancer stage, was collected. All the CT images were evaluated by two senior radiologists retrospectively.

Follow-up

All patients were evaluated at 3- or 4-month intervals by chest CT. CT findings, including lesion size and radiological features, were confirmed by at least two radiologists. Imaging characteristics were visually classified into four subgroups: pure GGO (pGGO), mixed GGO (mGGO), solid GGO (sGGO), and combined GGO.

Ethical parameters statement

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (approval number 2018-SR-273). Clinical data were collected from patients after obtaining informed consent. All experiments were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Measurement data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the t-test was used for comparison between groups. The chi-squared test was used for categorical variables, and Fisher's exact test was used for data in which more than 20% of cells had expected frequencies < 5. The correlation of breast cancer factors with primary lung cancer was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of lung cancer in patients with breast cancer was then calculated by dividing the number of observed cases by the number of expected cases in the general Chinese population. P-values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The data analysed during the research are included in this study or are available on reasonable request.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

T Z: Conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, software, writing-original draft, and writing-review and editing. H X: Conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, writing-original draft, and writing-review and editing. Y L: Conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, writing-original draft, and writing-review and editing. Y Y: Data curation, formal analysis, and writing-review and editing. F Y: Data curation, formal analysis, and writing-review and editing. M Y: Data curation, and writing-review and editing. Chunxiao Sun: Data curation and writing-review and editing. S B, X Y, Y H, Y H, X W, M J: Formal analysis, and writing-review and editing. X H: Formal analysis and writing-review and editing. J L, Y L: Formal analysis and writing-review and editing. Z F: Formal analysis and writing-review and editing. W L: Conceptualization, formal analysis, and writing-review and editing. Y Y: Conceptualization, formal analysis, funding acquisition and writing-review and editing.

FUNDING

This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (ZDZX2017ZL-01), High-level innovation team of Nanjing Medical University (JX102GSP201727), Wu Jieping Foundation (320.6750.17006), Key Medical Talents (ZDRCA2016023), 333 Project of Jiangsu Province (BRA2017534 and BRA2015470), the collaborative innovation center for tumor individualization focuses on open topics (JX21817902/008), and Project of China key research and development program precision medicine research (2016YFC0905901).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank Lei Wang for excellent technical support and Professor Xichun Hu for critically reviewing the manuscript.

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No competing interests reported.

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High Rate of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mutated Primary Lung Cancer in Patients with Primary Breast Cancer

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Figures

Introduction

Results

The incidence of primary lung cancer in patients with primary breast cancer

Clinicopathological Characteristics Of Patients With Double Primary Cancers

Ct Imaging

Sites And Intervals Of Double Primary Cancer

Discussion

Materials And Methods

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

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