Phytochemical Screening
The phytochemical screening of Turbinaria ornata revealed the presence of
Alkaloids, Saponins and fixed oils. Also revealed the absence of carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, aminoacids, phenols and terpenoids (Table 1). Three types of extracts such as hexane, acetone and methanol was subjected to T. ornata and the results showed that the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols and quinones in hexane extract whereas alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids were found to be absent in both acetone and methanol extracts [24].
Table 1 Quantitative Analysis of ethanol extract of T. ornata
S.No.
|
Phytochemical Test
|
Observation
|
1.
|
Alkaloids
|
+
|
2.
|
Carbohydrates
|
-
|
3.
|
Glycosides
|
-
|
4.
|
Saponins
|
+
|
5.
|
Protein
|
-
|
6.
|
Amino acids
|
-
|
7.
|
Phenolic compounds
|
-
|
8.
|
Fixed oil
|
+
|
9.
|
Terpenoids
|
-
|
(+) – Positive; (-) – Negative
|
|
|
|
|
Quantitative Analysis
The ethanolic extract of Turbinaria ornata contains the highest amount of phenols and flavanoids of 0.684nm and 0.434nm, whereas the amount of carbohydrates and proteins were found to be 0.274nm and 0.242nm respectively and total lipids was found to be in meager amount as 0.01mg/g. Earlier work have supported our data that among the two extracts used for the analysis, aqueous extract contained the highest amount of phenol and flavanoid compounds of about 1.187 and 1.020. The difference in the results obtained might possibly be due to the different method of extraction and solvents polarities [25].
Table 2 Quantitative analysis of ethanol extract T. ornata
S.No
|
Quantitative Analysis
|
Absorbance/Weight
|
1.
|
Total phenolic compounds
|
0.683±0.001
|
2.
|
Total flavanoid
|
0.433±0.001
|
3.
|
Total carbohydrates
|
0.273±0.002
|
4.
|
Total proteins
|
0.243±0.001
|
5.
|
Total lipids
|
0.01 g
|
Antioxidant Assay
DPPH Assay
The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the ethanol extract of Turbinaria ornata showed dose-dependent with maximum percentage of inhibition of 58.80 µg/mL at 200 µg/mL concentration and minimum percentage of inhibition of 17.30% at 100 µg/mL concentration (Fig. 2) when compared with that of standard quercetin. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the concentration is 175.98μg/ml. Studies have reported that acetone extract showed significant scavenging ability on DPPH (65%) at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL when compared with that of a standard BHT (97%). However, none of the extracts exhibited higher activity than BHT at the same concentration [7].
Total Antioxidant Activity
The total antioxidant activity in the ethanol extract of Turbinaria ornata is presented in Fig. 3 showed that maximum absorbance of 0.257 at 100μg/ml and minimum of 0.028 at 10μg/ml concentration when compared with that of standard ascorbic acid. The reducing capacity of various concentrations of ethanol extract at different concentrations along with the standard (Ascorbic acid) showed significant phosphomolybnedic activity presented in Fig. 3. The reducing capacity of the extract was found to be increased with the concentration of the sample. Work on CSP of T. ornata has the total antioxidant activity of 22.21 0.88 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per g of the sample [26].
Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Turbinaria ornata showed maximum zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains used and moderate inhibition of organism against Staphylococcus aureus. The least level of zone inhibition was observed in the organisms Escherichia coli and Candida albicans (Table 5, Fig. 4). According to the earlier reports the inhibition zone of 19mm, 23mm and 24mm was observed for hexane, acetonic and methanolic extracts, respectively. The positive control (amoxicillin) produced 21-24mm zone of inhibition. The negative controls (hexane, acetone and methanol) did not show any inhibition for marine algae [24].
Table 5. Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of T. ornata
S.No
|
Organisms
|
Zone of Inhibition
|
Antibiotic
(streptomycin)
|
100 μg
|
125 μg
|
150 μg
|
1
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
0.336±
0.03 mm
|
0.533±
0.012 mm
|
0.623±
0.032 mm
|
0.92 mm
|
2
|
Escherichia coli
|
0.13±
0.016 mm
|
0.27±
0.016 mm
|
0.316±
0.012 mm
|
0.86 mm
|
3
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
0.226±
0.009 mm
|
0.346±
0.02 mm
|
0.486±
0.02 mm
|
0.94 mm
|
4
|
Candida albicans
|
0.243±
0.028 mm
|
0.326±
0.012 mm
|
0.34±
0.021 mm
|
1.5 mm
|
5
|
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
|
0.333±
0.012 mm
|
0.53±
0.037 mm
|
0.626±
0.024 mm
|
1.2 mm
|
Mean ± SD
|
Wound Healing
The fin growth measurement was observed on days 3, 7, 10 and 14 were compared with that of control. The fishes were grouped in two groups, with each group consisting of 3 fishes. First group was treated with ethanolic extract of
T. ornata and the second group was treated as control. First group showed better regeneration of fin compared to those of control fishes (Fig. 5). The fishes were treated with 500 µg of the ethanol extract of T. ornata showed maximum fin regeneration on day 14 when compared to the control fishes. Tissue regeneration was observed by histochemical analysis where, the control fishes recruited less number of neutrophils compared to the ones treated with the ethanol extract (Fig. 6). Earlier work reveals that the seaweeds of Turbinaria ornata, Gracillaria crassa and Laurencia papillosa, collected from the Tuticorin coast of the Southeast coast of India and selected based on preliminary screening, were extracted with acetone and evaluated for antiulcer, wound healing and hepatoprotective activities among the seaweeds studied Laurencia papillosa showed the greatest activity [11].