Weak arene/nickel interaction lights on monoarylation of alcohols

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-771338/v1

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Weak arene/nickel interaction lights on monoarylation of alcohols

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-771338/v1

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Despite a growing body of work in nickel catalysis, the potential of organo-photocatalyst serving both as an arene ligand and a sensitizer remains underexplored. Here, we describe such an organo-photocatalyst to promote arylation of alcohols. Mechanistic studies suggest that the formation of sandwich complex via weak arene/nickel interaction and the resulting dexter energy transfer be responsible for this activity. This interaction provides a mechanistically alternative strategy for challenging carbon-oxygen bond assembly, where the elementary steps in transition metal catalysis previously facilitated by intermolecular photoevents replaced by more efficient intramolecular ones. With only 0.05 mol% photocatalyst loading and 8 mol% nickel bromide, a series of alcohols, diols and triols were (mono)arylated with (hetero)aryl bromides and chlorides. Importantly, many bioactive molecules and active pharmaceutical ingredients containing multiple hydroxyl groups could be efficiently monoarylated, too. This work provides a new approach to access bioactive aryl ethers, but also lights on a highly desirable direction to manipulate the catalytic reactivity of earth abundant nickel.

Catalysis

Organic Chemistry

nickel catalysis

arylation

Visible light involved transition metal (TM) catalysis has expanded rapidly in modern organic synthesis for its utopic TM and substrate activation manners, mild reaction conditions and sustainable properties^1-5. In the presence of a photocatalyst (PC), the metallaphotocatalysis in current study is realized in cooperation with a transition metal complex through intermolecular photoevents with respect to precious metal PC^6-10 or organic dye^11-13, respectively (Fig. 1A-I). The photocatalyst generally does not directly participate in bond-breaking and bond-forming process, and in most cases ancillary ligands are indispensable to stabilize TM complex during the whole catalytic reaction. While utilizing intramolecular photoevents as a principle, photocatalyst therefore serves both as ancillary ligand to coordinate with TM and a sensitizer to absorb photon energy, is underdevelopment (Fig. 1A-II)^14-18.

It’s well-known that arene could serve as a supporting ligand in TM catalysis¹⁹, we envisioned that organo-photocatalyst (OPC)²⁰^,²¹, composed with a conjugated polyarene core, may act as an arene-like ligand to interact with transition metals. Under visible light irradiation, this kind of hapto interaction between OPC and nickel could trigger the fundamental steps in catalytic cycle via intramolecular dexter energy transfer (DEnT)²², such as oxidative addition (OA) and reductive elimination (RE) (Fig. 1B). This kind of OPC would possess both advantages of sensitizer and ligand. Based on our hypothesis and well-developed BDP (boron-dipyrromethene) chemistry²³, we investigated the possibility of arene/nickel interaction between Et-DABDP (Et = ethyl, DABDP = 4,4'-diaryl-BDP) and Ni(cod)₂ (cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene). Interestingly, during collection of UV/Vis spectrum, when excess Ni(cod)₂ was added into the solution of Et-DABDP, a new absorptive peak appeared obviously around 300 nm and the undulation of new/original signals was correlated well with the concentration of Ni⁰, which strongly suggested that a significant association of these two components take place (Fig. 1D). Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, we found that the orientation of two 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl groups in Et-DABDP is unique, one of benzene ring faced towards BDP plane, while another was vertical to BDP plane. Accordingly, through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, two types of arene/nickel complex are obtained, the assemble of Et-DABDP and Ni⁰ via hapto bonding are calculated to be exergonic by 80.6 and 58.6 kcal/mol, respectively (Fig. 1C, see supplementary materials). The sandwich coordination manner is superior to allyl/Ni interaction by 22 kcal/mol. Inspired by the preliminary findings, here we describe an Et-DABDP/nickel catalyzed (mono)arylation of a variety of alcohols, diols and triols, a well-known challenging coupling reaction⁶^,²⁴^,²⁵, with (hetero)aryl bromides and chlorides in the presence of white light, a process that lies at the weak hapto interaction of Et-DABDP core with nickel (Fig. 1E).

We commenced on our study with commercial available Et-BDP as an arene-like ligand to investigate the catalytic potential with 4-bromobenzonitrile 1 and benzyl alcohol 2 as coupling partners in the presence of nickel(II) bromide and white LED irradiation. Surprisingly, the coupling reaction could take place in 73% yield at only 0.05 mol% loading of Et-BDP after 24 hours (table 1, entry 4). The partial conversion was probably caused by catalyst degradation since 4,4'-difluoro substituted moiety of Et-BDP are known both base²⁶ and alcohol²⁷ sensitive. We therefore developed several 4,4'-diaryl substituted derivatives to further study the O-arylation²². As expected, once simply substitution of fluorine with aryl group, the conversion of 1 was remarkably improved and the bulkiest Et-DABDP afforded desired 3 in 95% yield (table 1, entries 1-3). The aryl substitution can stabilize the BDP core, but also participate the coordination to nickel (vide supra). It’s worth to mention that Ru- and Ir-photocatalyst could catalyze the reaction without addition of ligand⁶, despite moderate conversion (entries 5-7). Control experiments (entries 8-11) suggested that the Et-DABDP/Ni catalyst be vital to form C-O bond (more details see supplementary materials, tables S3-S12).

With the optimal OPC in hand, we firstly examined the type of intramolecular photoevents between Et-DABDP and zerovalent nickel. The interaction was further confirmed by Stern-Volmer luminescence quenching experiments recorded by steady-state emission data. Along with the addition of Ni(cod)₂, the luminescence intensity of Et-DABDP dramatically decreased, which was in good linear correlation with concentration of Ni(cod)₂(see supplementary materials). The corresponding time-resolved emission spectroscopy (i.e., I₀/I, where I₀ and I are the integrated emission intensities of Et-DABDP in the absence and presence of nickel, respectively) afforded a linear equation and almost unchanged fluorescence lifetime (i.e., t₀/t»1, where t₀ and t are the fluorescence lifetime of Et-DABDP in the absence and presence of nickel, respectively) (Fig. 2A). The latter data strongly suggested that static quenching probably proceed between Et-DABDP and zerovalent nickel under visible light irradiation, which was in good support of dexter energy transfer (DEnT) mechanism during activation of Ni species ⁷^,²²^,²⁸.

We next examined OA efficiency and possible OA pathway of our Et-DABDP/Ni catalyst^29-31. Using electron-neutral bromide 4 as electrophile, in-situ generated “OA active species” consumed 4 in the presence of Ni(cod)₂ and lead to the formation of self-coupling product 5 via disproportionation of nickel(II) intermediate. In sharp contrast, poor conversion was observed under dark condition, which highlighted the OA efficiency of induced by Et-DABDP (Fig. 2B). The main concern about the OA pathway between excited nickel and aryl electrophile is whether aryl radical involved or not. To understand more details, we examined the coupling reaction of cis-diol 7 with 2-(allyloxy)iodobenzene 6, a radical probe that was frequently used as evidence to support or exclude a radical mechanism¹⁴. As aryl radical 10 is known to cyclize very fast to produce alkyl radical 11 [k_obs= 9.6 × 10⁹ s^-1 in DMSO]³², the identification of cyclized products 12 and 13 would be a valid indicator to support radical mechanism, whereas sole formation of uncyclized 8 would rule out the radical route. Interestedly, in our case we observed exclusive production of uncyclized coupling products (8 and deprotected 9 in 48% and 15% yields, respectively), along with 10% remaining starting material (SM), some deprotection and deiodination SM (Fig. 2C). Furthermore, the combination of equal mole NiBr₂ and Ni(cod)₂ which is assumed to in-situ generate nickel(I) species via comproportionation³³, didn’t improve catalytic activity but gave lower yield compared to NiBr₂ alone as metal source. And we have not observed the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal of paramagnetic nickel(I) species²⁵. Hence the results from a series of experiments strongly suggested that oxidative addition between in-situ generated [Ni⁰]* and aryl electrophile likely proceed through two-electron pathway to form Et-DABDP/(ArNi^IIBr) oxidative addition adduct. Furthermore, in the product formation step, high valent Et-DABDP/[ArNi^III (OR)] may not formed since base DCyMA hardly quenched the luminescence of Et-DABDP⁶ (see supplementary materials).

Based on our observations, a proposed catalytic cycle was outlined in Fig. 2D. Et-DABDP firstly acted as an arene ligand to coordinate with zerovalent nickel generated by reduction of NiBr₂ in the presence of DCyMA. Upon irradiation of the complex with white LED, the excited OA active nickel species was produced via intramolecular DEnT from excited [Et-DABDP]* to [Ni⁰], which in turn afforded excited [Ni⁰]* and followed by the formation of OA adduct with aryl halide. With the help of mixed base DCyMA and Na₂CO₃, the RE precursor was generated via transmetalation. With respect of product forming step, the intramolecular DEnT in Et-DABDP/[ArNi^II(OR)] complex⁷^,³⁴ and/or arene-like ligand property of Et-DABDP both should again play crucial roles in facilitating C-O bond formation.

With the proof of our concept, we next examined the scope of this Et-DABDP/nickel-catalyzed arylation of alcohol with 0.05 mol% Et-DABDP and 8 mol %NiBr₂ loading, respectively. As shown in Fig. 3, we were pleased to find that a wide array of alcohols and aryl electrophiles can be efficiently coupled under the optimal conditions (60-98% yields). Substituted benzyl-, (fluorinated)alkyl-, allyl-, and amino alcohols are coupled smoothly (entries 14-22, 24, 33, 43). Primary and secondary alcohols bearing amide, ester, ether, ketone, ketal and cyclopropyl functional groups are all tolerated well (entries 23-33). Most importantly, our Et-DABDP/Ni catalyst could selectively give various mono-arylation products in excellent yields with only once fold excess of diols under much milder conditions (40 ^oC) without addition of inorganic base Na₂CO₃. A variety of diols (entries 35-47), including 1,2-, 1,3- 1,4-, 1,5-diols and cis/trans cyclic diols are all suitable coupling partners. Methyl (S)-lactate containing an enolizable chiral center^35-37 was suitable coupling partner under our mild conditions (entry 32, 87% yield and 98% ee), which drove as to expand to other common chiral alcohols (entries 34, 43, 46 and 47). Notably, without external ligand added, challenging electron-rich aryl electrophile⁶ (entries 55 and 61) are suitable coupling partner in our new protocol despite a little bit lower yield in comparison with electron-neutral and -poor ones. Heteroaryl partners based on quinoline and pyridine skeletons could couple smoothly (entries 57-59). In particular, electron-deficient aryl chlorides are suitable partners, too.

To further demonstrate synthetic diversification of Et-DABDP/Ni-catalyzed C-O cross couplings, a series of important intermediates of bioactive molecules and drugs were prepared and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or their derivatives were directly arylated using our novel catalyst³⁸. As illustrated in Fig. 4. Aryl ethers 70 and 72, key intermediate of pioglitazone for managing type II diabetes and pimavanserin for treating hallucinations and psychosis, were obtained smoothly with 90% and 70% yields starting with aldehyde 68, respectively. Monoarylation of glucoside derivative was smoothly proceeded and the desired products 73 were obtained in 93% total yields. We next applied our catalyst to directly modify APIs. Encouragingly, a variety of complicated molecules were coupled smoothly, which afforded corresponding arylated derivatives in excellent yields. Ester of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin, two blockbuster drugs derivatives, could be arylated efficiently, which provide separable mono-arylated products 75 and 76 in 90% and 95% total yields, respectively. Notably, APIs fingolimod, methylprednisolone and cortisol were all monoarylated, which smoothly generated desired derivatives in 91-95% yields (entries 77-79).

In conclusion, a weak arene/nickel interaction was disclosed between bifunctional organo-photocatalyst Et-DABDP and zerovalent nickel, and utilized in challenging carbon-oxygen bond formation via dexter energy transfer (DEnT). As a mechanistically alternative tactic to facilitate elementary steps of transition metal catalysis, with only 0.05 mol% photocatalyst loading and 8 mol% NiBr₂, Et-DABDP/Ni system achieved both oxidative addition and reductive elimination during the process of monoarylation of alcohols. This work provides a new approach to access bioactive aryl ethers, but also lights on a highly desirable direction to manipulate the catalytic reactivity of nickel. The composition of visible light, OPC and non-precious metal catalyst represents an important current theme in sustainable chemical synthesis. We anticipate that excitation of nickel via intramolecular DEnT is likely to be broadly general and the exploration of an ideal OPC will lead to diverse applications in many types of cross coupling reactions.

Any methods, additional references, Nature Research reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing interests; and statements of data and code availability are available at https://doi.org/xxxxx.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgements Z. H. thanks Prof. Zhangjie Shi (Fudan University) for helpful discussion and instruction in mechanism investigation, Prof. Hongzhu Ma (SNNU) for supporting UV/Vis spectra instrument and Dr. Huaming Sun (SNNU) for the X-ray diffraction analyses. We also thank the National Supercomputing Center of Guangzhou in supporting DFT calculation. Funding: This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21872090), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. 2015JM2064 and 2019JM-134), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK202003033), and Funded Projects for the Academic Leaders and Academic Backbones, SNNU (16QNGG009) for financial support.

Author contributions K. Xie, G. Meng, J. He and S. M. Shi were contributed equally for this work. K. Xie and G. Meng conducted the synthesis of photocatalyst, mechanism investigation, product separation and characterization. J. He and S. M. Shi designed and executed the calculations. J. J. Ma, H. Gao, T. T. Qiu, Y. X. Zhao, S. Yang, X. Y. Wei, J. X. Yan, K. Wang, J. D. Cai and S. Li assisted partial experiments. D. Xue helped to prepare manuscript. Z.Y. Huang was responsible for raising initial conception of the project and preparing this manuscript.

Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at

https://doi.org/xxx.

Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Z.Y. Huang.

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Due to technical limitations, Table 1 is only available in the supplementary files section.

There is NO Competing Interest.

CCDC2098221.cif
X-ray of monoarylation of glucoside
CCDC2098343.cif
X-ray of monoarylation of rosuvastatin
CCDC2098229.cif
X-ray of Et-DABDP
CCDC2098228.cif
X-ray of Et-DABDP-Ph
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Weak arene/nickel interaction lights on monoarylation of alcohols

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