Sweep Imaging with Fourier Transform as a Tool for Evaluating the Effect of Teriparatide on Cortical Bone Turnover in an Ovariectomized Rat Model

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-812213/v1

Background: Teriparatide (TPTD) is a drug for osteoporosis that promotes bone formation and improves bone turnover. However, the specific effects of TPTD on cortical bone are not well understood. Sweep imaging with Fourier transform (SWIFT) has been reported as a useful tool for evaluating cortical bone, but it has yet to be used to investigate the effects of TPTD on cortical bone. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of TPTD on cortical bone turnover using SWIFT in rats.

Methods: Twelve-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=36) were reared for 12 weeks after ovariectomy to create a postmenopausal osteoporosis model. They were divided into two groups: the TPTD and non-TPTD groups. Rats were euthanized at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after initiating TPTD treatment. Tibial bones were extracted and evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bone histomorphometry. In MRI, proton density-weighted imaging (PDWI) and SWIFT imaging were performed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated for each method. The same area evaluated by MRI was then used to calculate for the bone formation rate by bone histomorphometry . Measurements were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test, and a P-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

Results: PDWI-SNR was not significantly different between the two groups at any time point (P = 0.589, 0.394, and 0.394 at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively). Contrarily, SWIFT-SNR was significantly higher in the TPTD group than in the non-TPTD group at 4 weeks after initiating treatment, but it was not significantly different at 12 and 24 weeks (P = 0.009, 0.937, and 0.818 at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively). The bone formation rate was significantly higher in the TPTD group than in the non-TPTD group at all timepoints (P < 0.05, all weeks). In particular, at 4 weeks, the bone formation rate was markedly higher in the TPTD group than in the non-TPTD group (1.98±0.33 vs. 0.09±0.05 μm³/μm²/day).

Conclusions: The marked increase of the bone formation rate in the cortical bone by TPTD could be measured using SWIFT. SWIFT could be an effective tool for evaluating the effects of TPTD on cortical bone turnover as images.

Orthopedics

Orthopedic Surgery

osteoporosis

teriparatide

sweep imaging with Fourier transform

Osteoporosis is a disease in which the risk of fracture increases due to a decrease in bone strength [1]. Bone strength is defined by bone mineral density (BMD) and bone quality, both of which are closely related to bone turnover [1, 2]. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common type of osteoporosis [3], and abnormal bone turnover is associated with decreased BMD and bone quality as well as an increased risk of fracture in this type of osteoporosis [4]. Therefore, it is necessary to improve bone turnover to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, and to this end, various therapeutic drugs have been developed. Teriparatide (TPTD) is a drug for osteoporosis that promotes bone formation and improves bone turnover with intermittent administration [5]. Various studies have been conducted on the promotion of osteogenesis by TPTD. However, the site and time at which osteogenesis occurs in the bone remain unclear.

The bone structure is composed of the cortical and cancellous bones. Of the two types, the cortical bone comprises the majority, helps support body weight, and prevents fractures [6, 7]. Furthermore, 80% of fractures involve the cortical bone, and fracture-related morbidity and mortality are mainly attributed to cortical bone fractures [8]. These findings emphasize the significance of evaluating the cortical bone. However, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), which is commonly used for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, cannot be restricted to the cortical bone only. Additionally, DEXA cannot evaluate bone turnover, which presents a challenge for evaluating osteoporosis.

Sweep imaging with Fourier transform (SWIFT) is a novel imaging method in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that can depict proton signals with very short T₂ relaxation times that cannot be measured by conventional MRI [9]. It has been reported that SWIFT can detect proton signals associated with bone turnover in the cortical bone of postmenopausal osteoporotic and diabetic osteoporotic rats [10, 11]. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the effect of TPTD on bone turnover in the cortical bone could be evaluated using SWIFT in a position-specific and time-specific manner.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TPTD on bone turnover in the cortical bone using SWIFT. Furthermore, we verified whether SWIFT could be used to determine the therapeutic effect of TPTD in osteoporosis.

Animal model

Twelve-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36; Shimizu Laboratory Supplies, Kyoto, Japan) were used in this study. The rats were kept at the animal facilities of our institute according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the National Institutes of Health. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board for animal experiments and carried out in compliance with ARRIVE guidelines. Four rats were housed per transparent plastic cage. The temperature was maintained at 23°C–24°C at our institution, and light-dark cycles were performed every 12 h. All animals were able to consume food and water ad libitum. All rats underwent ovariectomy under aseptic conditions, and 1.5% isoflurane was used for anesthesia. They were reared for 12 weeks after ovariectomy to create a postmenopausal osteoporosis model [12]. The rats were then randomly divided into the following two groups: TPTD and non-TPTD. For the TPTD group, TPTD was administered at 30 µg/kg/day, three times per week starting 12 weeks after the ovariectomy [13]. The non-TPTD group received normal saline at the same volume. The rats were euthanized by the intravenous injection of 4.0 mL of pentobarbital sodium (Somnopentyl®, Kyoritsuseiyaku Corp., Tokyo, Japan) at 4, 12, and 24 weeks following the initiation of TPTD treatment. Various examinations were performed according to the protocol described below. Figure 1 shows the regions of interest (ROIs) in the various tests.

MRI

The tibia on the right side of the euthanized rats was removed and photographed using MRI. We used a high-field MRI machine (Varian MRI system 7.04 T, Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA) and a transmit-and-receive surface coil (3 × 3 mm in diameter) for animal experimentation purposes. A container with a sample placed at the center of the surface coil was installed. The specimens were all placed with the same orientation to ensure an identical flip angle (FA). SWIFT was performed using the following protocol: field of view (FOV) of 40 × 240 × 40 mm³; matrix of 256 × 256 × 256; 16 spirals; 8192 views; average of 1; resolution of 0.156 × 0.938 × 0.156 mm³; bandwidth of 62 5 kHz; repetition time (TR) of 12.5 ms; FA of 25°; acquisition time of 4.096 ms; and scan time of 27 min 25 s. The proton density-weighted image (PDWI) was obtained according to the following protocol using a conventional fast spin echo method: FOV of 40 × 40 mm²; matrix of 256 × 256; average of 1; resolution of 0.156 × 0.156 mm²; axial slice of 30; slice thickness of 1 mm; bandwidth of 100 kHz; TR of 2000 ms; echo spacing (ESP) of 9.54 ms; echo train length of 4; acquisition time of 2.56 ms; and scan time of 2 min 13 s. These protocols were similar to those described in previous reports [10, 11]. The images were analyzed using a software program (ImageJ v. 1.49, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). The ROI was the entire cortical bone region of the tibia in a transverse section, which was 200 µm in thickness and 2 mm proximal to the tibiofibular union. The signal strengths in the SWIFT and PDWI were measured and averaged. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was defined as the mean value of the signal strength in the ROI/standard deviation of the signal strength in the background, SWIFT-SNR, and PDWI-SNR, respectively.

DEXA

The left tibia was removed from euthanized rats and photographed using DEXA (DCS-600EX-R; Aloka, Tokyo, Japan). The ROI was the entire tibial region in a transverse section, 200 µm in thickness, and 2 mm proximal to the tibiofibular union. BMD in the ROI was measured.

Microcomputed tomography (µCT)

DEXA photography was followed by µCT (micro-focus 2D/3D, ScanXmate-E090S40, Comscantecno, Kanagawa, Japan) of the tibia on the left side with the following settings: voltage of 60 kV, electric current of 85 µA, and voxel size of 37.5 µm. Three-dimensional reconstructed images were created using image reconstruction software (ConeCTexpress v. 1.3, Comscantecno, Kanagawa, Japan). The ROI was the entire cortical bone region of the tibia, which was the same site used for the MRI. The cortical BMD and cortical bone width were measured using image analysis software (TRI/3D-BON, Ratoc System Engineering, Tokyo, Japan).

Bone histomorphometry

Among the tibias on the right side that underwent MRI, four from each group also underwent bone histomorphometry each week. Approximately 5 mg of calcein (Sigma-Aldrich) was injected subcutaneously into the back of the tibia at 4 and 10 days prior to removal to indicate areas of the new bone. The dosing interval for calcein was 144 h (6 days). The tibia was fixed with 70% alcohol immediately after the MRI. Specimens were stained with Villanueva bone stain to assess the sites identical to those measured by MRI. The bone surface (BS, µm), porosity area (Po Ar), and cortical bone area (Ct Ar) were measured using Parfitt’s method [14]. The Haversian canal and Volkmann’s canal were included in the bone pores, and the osteocyte gap was excluded from the bone pore. Po Ar/Ct Ar (%) was measured in the cortical bone areas. BS and Ct Ar were measured under natural light at ×100 magnification and Po Ar was measured at ×200 magnification.

Under Fluorinert fluorescence, the single-labeled surface (sLs, µm), double-labeled surface (dLs, µm), and mineral apposition rate (MAR, µm/day) were measured using calcein labeling as an index. Both sLs and dLs were measured in the endosteum and periosteum. MAR was measured as the width of labeling produced by the injection at 144-h intervals in 10 selected sites at the most obvious sites of bone formation. The bone formation rate (BFR/BS, µm³/µm²/day) was measured as BFR/BS = (sLs + 2dLs) × MAR/BS. Measurements under Fluorinert fluorescence were performed at a magnification of ×200.

Statistical analysis

Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Results of DEXA, µCT, MRI, and bone morphometry measured at each week in the TPTD and non-TPTD groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Differences were considered significant at a P-value of < 0.05. EZR (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan), a statistical software program that extends the functions of R and R Commanders [15], was used for all statistical analyses.

MRI

Figure 2 shows the SNR within the cortical bone measured by MRI. The PDWI-SNRs were 4.6 ± 0.8, 4.3 ± 0.4, and 3.6 ± 0.5 in the TPTD group, and 5.1 ± 1.3, 4.0 ± 0.7, and 4.1 ± 0.7 in the non-TPTD group at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively, after the initiation of TPTD treatment. There was no significant difference between the TPTD and non-TPTD groups at any time point (P = 0.589, 0.394, 0.394 at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively). On the other hand, the SWIFT-SNRs were 12.6 ± 3.5, 5.4 ± 0.9, and 5.6 ± 0.6 in the TPTD group and 7.6 ± 1.6, 5.5 ± 1.4, and 5.6 ± 0.9 in the non-TPTD group at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively. A significant difference was observed at 4 weeks after the initiation of TPTD treatment, but no significant difference was observed at 12 or 24 weeks (P = 0.009, 0.937, and 0.818 at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively). Figure 3 shows the results of PDWI and SWIFT representatives for both groups at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the initiation of TPTD treatment.

DEXA

The BMD in all tibial regions measured by DEXA at 4, 12, and 24 weeks was 99.9 ± 4.0, 104.4 ± 5.0, and 95.3 ± 5.2 mg/cm², respectively, in the TPTD group, and 89.7 ± 4.3, 98.5 ± 3.0, and 85.3 ± 2.1 mg/cm² in the non-TPTD group. The levels were significantly higher in the TPTD group than in the non-TPTD group at all timepoints (P < 0.05 at all weeks).

µCT

Cortical BMD at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the initiation of TPTD treatment was 1229 ± 71, 1231 ± 93, and 1236 ± 84 mg/cm³ in the TPTD group and 1190 ± 112, 1237 ± 49, and 1223 ± 67 mg/cm³ in the non-TPTD group. There was no significant difference between the TPTD and non-TPTD groups at any time point (P = 0.699, 0.937, 0.818 at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively). The cortical bone width was 760 ± 15, 786 ± 15, and 802 ± 26 µm in the TPTD group and 709 ± 16, 723 ± 13, and 715 ± 21 µm in the non-TPTD group at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively, after the initiation of TPTD treatment. The levels were significantly higher in the TPTD group than in the non-TPTD group at all timepoints (P < 0.05 at all weeks). Table 1 shows the results of BMD measured by DEXA, cortical BMD, and cortical bone width measured by µCT.

Table 1

Results of BMD measured by DEXA, cortical BMD, and cortical width measured by µCT
	Time after the initiation of treatment	Non-TPTD	TPTD	P-value
DEXA
BMD (mg/cm²)	4 weeks	89.7 ± 4.3	99.9 ± 4.0	< 0.01
	12 weeks	98.1 ± 3.0	104.4 ± 5.0	< 0.01
	24 weeks	85.3 ± 2.1	95.3 ± 5.2	< 0.05
µCT
Cortical BMD (mg/cm³)	4 weeks	1190 ± 112	1229 ± 71	0.67
	12 weeks	1237 ± 49	1231 ± 93	0.94
	24 weeks	1223 ± 67	1235 ± 84	0.82
Cortical width (µm)	4 weeks	709 ± 16	760 ± 15	< 0.01
	12 weeks	723 ± 13	786 ± 15	< 0.01
	24 weeks	714 ± 22	801 ± 26	< 0.01
Values are expressed as means ± standard deviations. BMD = bone mineral density, DEXA = dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, µCT = microcomputed tomography, TPTD = teriparatide.

Bone histomorphometry

Figure 4 shows Po Ar/Ct Ar and BFR/BS measured by bone histomorphometry. Po Ar/Ct Ar was 0.69 ± 0.14, 0.68 ± 0.11, and 0.16 ± 0.08 in the TPTD group, and 0.69 ± 0.04, 0.57 ± 0.15, and 0.30 ± 0.06 in the non-TPTD group at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively, after the initiation of TPTD treatment. There was no significant difference between the TPTD and non-TPTD groups at any time point (P = 0.857, 0.486, and 0.057 at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively). BFR/BS was 1.98 ± 0.33, 0.34 ± 0.19, and 0.32 ± 0.08 µm³/µm²/day in the TPTD group, and 0.09 ± 0.06, 0.02 ± 0.02, and 0.03 ± 0.01 µm³/µm²/day in the non-TPTD group at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively, after the initiation of TPTD treatment. The values were significantly higher in the TPTD group than in the non-TPTD group at all timepoints (P < 0.05 at all weeks). In particular, at 4 weeks, BFR/BS was markedly higher in the TPTD group than in the non-TPTD group. Figure 5 shows representative images of the bone formation rate.

Our results suggest that it was possible to detect signals representing the effect of TPTD on cortical bone turnover using SWIFT. The SWIFT-SNR was markedly increased early after the initiation of TPTD treatment, similar to the change in the bone formation rate in bone histomorphometry. We believe that TPTD promotes bone formation in the cortical bone to a greater extent in the early stage after the initiation of TPTD treatment, and SWIFT detects the signals emitted by the newly formed bone area. This change could not be detected using PDWI, a conventional MRI technique. The effects of TPTD on cortical bone could be detected using DEXA and µCT; on the other hand, the specific changes early after the initiation of TPTD treatment could not be determined. The use of SWIFT enables the evaluation of the effect of TPTD on cortical bone turnover in a site- and time-specific manner.

DEXA, which measures BMD, is the most commonly performed test for the treatment of osteoporosis [16]. The measurement results in this study were higher in the TPTD group than in the non-TPTD group, as in previous reports [17], confirming the appropriate administration of TPTD. DEXA is a two-dimensional assessment method, and the measured BMD combines the cortical and cancellous bones. Therefore, it is not possible to only assess the cortical bone with DEXA, even though the cortical bone has an important role in bone strength.

µCT is a three-dimensional assessment method that can be used to evaluate the cortical and cancellous bones separately [18]. Although the results of this study showed that cortical BMD did not differ at all weeks, the cortical bone width was higher in the TPTD group at all weeks, similar to previous reports [19]. TPTD may accelerate cortical bone formation and increase the cortical bone width. µCT can be used to focus on the cortical bone. However, µCT is a mineral-based histomorphological assessment method and is therefore unable to assess non-mineral items.

Similar to µCT, MRI is another three-dimensional assessment method. However, while µCT is used to assess minerals, MRI may be used to assess proton signals. The proton signal obtained from the cortical bone was from free and bound water [20]. The proton signal from free water has a millisecond T₂ relaxation time and can be detected using PDWI, a conventional MRI method. On the other hand, the proton signal from bound water had a T₂ relaxation time of microseconds and could not be detected by PDWI [21]. In contrast, SWIFT can be used to detect signals with very short T₂ relaxation times, allowing the detection of signals of bound water [9]. In this study, although the PDWI-SNR showed no differences at all weeks, the SWIFT-SNR was higher in the TPTD group than in the non-TPTD group only at 4 weeks after the initiation of TPTD treatment. It was possible to detect the effect of TPTD as a signal of an increase in the amount of bound water in the cortical bone early after the initiation of TPTD treatment.

TPTD has been reported to greatly improve bone turnover in the early phase after treatment initiation [22, 23]. With SWIFT, high signals were also detected at 4 weeks after the initiation of TPTD treatment, and the formation rate of the cortical bone in bone histomorphometry was also high at 4 weeks after the initiation of TPTD treatment compared with other weeks. We believe that the signal detected by SWIFT reflects a marked increase in the bone formation rate in the cortical bone. Considering that bound water is abundant in the collagen in new bone areas and decreases with mineralization [24], the increase in the bone formation rate should be captured in SWIFT by detecting the signal of the bound water that exists in the collagen of new bone areas. From the present results, SWIFT seems to be more suitable to detect initial cortical bone formation than other imaging methods, such as PDWI, CT, and DEXA. However, the increase in bone formation rate in the TPTD group at 12 and 24 weeks after the initiation of TPTD treatment could not be evaluated by SWIFT. This may have been because the slight increase in the bone formation rate may have been insufficient to detect a signal difference.

Other methods for assessing bone turnover include bone turnover markers by blood sampling and bone histomorphometry by biopsy. Bone turnover markers reflect the metabolism of the whole bone; therefore, site-specific evaluation was not possible. Furthermore, it is difficult to accurately evaluate the values due to the influence of renal function [25]. Although bone histomorphometry by biopsy can accurately evaluate bone turnover, it is necessary to extract the region to be evaluated, which makes it highly invasive. Furthermore, the sample obtained by extraction was also small, and the amount of information was lacking [26]. SWIFT is a non-invasive method that can assess bone turnover in a site- and time-specific manner, and it may be used to assess bone turnover as an alternative method to bone turnover markers or bone histomorphometry by biopsy.

This study had two limitations. First, slight increases in the bone formation rate may not have been detectable as differences in SWIFT signals. Because the rate itself was slow, the proportion of the new bone areas in the cortical bone was small; thus, we believe that the difference in the SWIFT signal could not be detected. We recommend verifying the extent of the bone formation rate that can be detected as a signal in the future. Second, bone turnover markers were not measured. Bone turnover markers are commonly used to assess bone turnover and should be measured to compare the results of SWIFT with those of conventional test. However, we believe that the measurement by bone histomorphometry was sufficient to evaluate the bone formation rate.

Using SWIFT, we found that TPTD markedly increased the bone formation rate and improved bone turnover in the cortical bone early after its initiation. We believe that the use of SWIFT to assess bone turnover in the cortical bone can aid in determining the therapeutic effect of TPTD on osteoporosis.

BMD: Bone mineral density; TPTD: Teriparatide; DEXA: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; SWIFT: Sweep imaging with Fourier transform; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; ROIs: regions of interest; FA: Flip angle; TR: Repetition time; FOV: Field of view; PDWI: Proton density-weighted image; ESP: Echo spacing; SNR: Signal-to-noise ratio; µCT : Microcomputed tomography; BS: Bone surface; Po Ar: Porosity area: Ct Ar: Cortical bone area; sLs: Single-labeled surface; dLs: Double-labeled surface; MAR: Mineral apposition rate; BFR/BS: Bone formation rate

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All animal experimental procedures in our study were approved by the Committee for Animal Research, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (number: M2020–285) and carried out in compliance with ARRIVE guidelines.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests

Funding

This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI [Grant Number 21K090232].

Authors' contributions

YS, KI, MK, OO, MM, and HW designed the study. YS mainly performed the procedures. KI organized this study. KI, KM, SY, and YS contributed substantially to the writing of the paper. KT supervised the MRI experiment. MT supervised the histological assessments. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Ms. Akemi Ito, a bone histomorphometric specialist, and the staff at Ito Bone Histomorphometry Institute (Niigata, Japan) for their support.

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No competing interests reported.

Sweep Imaging with Fourier Transform as a Tool for Evaluating the Effect of Teriparatide on Cortical Bone Turnover in an Ovariectomized Rat Model

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Background

Methods

Animal model

MRI

DEXA

Microcomputed tomography (µCT)

Bone histomorphometry

Statistical analysis

Results

MRI

DEXA

µCT

Bone histomorphometry

Discussion

Conclusions

Abbreviations

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Consent for publication

Availability of data and materials

Competing interests

Funding

Authors' contributions

Acknowledgments

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1