1 Rachdaoui N. Insulin: The Friend and the Foe in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:1770.
2 Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB. Global aetiology and epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;4:88-98.
3 Chinese Diabetes Society. Guidelines for the prevention and control of Type 2 Diabetes in China (2017 Edition).Chinese Journal of Practical Internal Medicine. 2018;38:292-294.
4 Cannon A, Handelsman Y, Heile M, Shannon M. Burden of Illness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2018;24(9-a Suppl):S5-S13.
5 Qin J,Li Y,Cai Z,et al.A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes.Nature. 2012;490:55-60.
6 Ley RE,Turnbaugh PJ,Klein S,et al.Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity.Nature. 2006;444 :1022-1023.
7 Ley RE,B ckhed F,Turnbaugh P,et al.Obesity alters gut microbial ecology.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:11070-11075.
8 Larsen N,Vogensen FK,van den Berg FW,et al.Gut microbiota in human adults with Type 2 Diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. Plos One. 2010;5:e9085.
9 Zhang X,Shen D,Fang Z,et al.Human Gut Microbiota Changes Reveal the Progression of Glucose Intolerance.PLOS ONE. 2013;8:e71108.
10 Salgaço MK, Oliveira LGS, Costa GN,et al. Relationship between gut microbiota, probiotics, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;103(23-24):9229-9238.
11 Le Roith D,Shiloach J,Roth J,et al.Insulin or a closely related molecule is native to Escherichia coli.J Biol Chem. 1981;256:6533-6536.
12 Jumpertz R,Le DS,Turnbaugh PJ,et al.Energy-balance studies reveal associations between gut microbes,caloric load,and nutrient absorption in humans.Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:58-65.
13 Xiong Y,Miyamoto N,Shibata K,et al.Short-chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G proteincoupledreceptor GPR41.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;
101:1045-1050.
14 Bckhed F,Ding H,Wang T,et al.The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101: 15718-15723.
15 Bckhed F,Manchester JK,Semenkovich CF,et al.Mechanisms Underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:979-984.
16 Aornsson L,Hunag Y,Parini P,et al.Decreased fat storage by Lactobacillus paraeasei is associated with increased levels of an giopoietin-like4 protein(ANGPTIA).PLoS One. 2010;5:e13087.
17 Cani PD,Amar J,Iglesias MA,et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance.Diabetes. 2007,56(7):1761-1772
18 J. Xu, F. Lian, L. Zhao, et al. Structural modulation of gut microbiota during alleviation of Type 2 Diabetes with a Chinese herbal formula.ISME J. 2015;9:552-562.
19 X. Tong, J. Xu, F. Lian, et al. Structural Alteration of Gut Microbiota during the Amelioration of Human Type 2 Diabetes with Hyperlipidemia by Metformin and a Traditional Chinese Herbal Formula: a Multicenter, Randomized, Open Label Clinical trial.mBio. 2018;22:e02392-17.
20 X. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhang, et al.Structural changes of gut microbiota during Berberine-mediated prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed rats, PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e42529.
21 Y. Wang, J. Shou, X. Li, et al., Berberine-induced bioactive metabolites of the gut microbiota improve energy metabolism, Metabolism. 2017;12:72–84.
22 Y. Cao, Q. Pan, W. Cai, et al., Modulation of gut microbiota by Berberine improves steatohepatitis in high-fat diet-fed BALB/C mice, Arch. Iran Med. 2016;19 :197–203.
23 Y. Zheng, Q. Ding,Y. Wei, et al. Effect of traditional Chinese medicine on gut microbiota in adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine. 2020;12:153455.
24 T. Shan, J. Sun ,H. Zhang.Effects of ginseng coptis root on α-glucosidase. Jilin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2012;32:192-194. in Chinese
25 L.F. Li , S.D. Wang, J.X. Zhao, et al. Effects of RG formula on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats with insulin resistance. China Journal of Basic Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2006;9:707-708. in Chinese
26 D.Y. Zhou, X. Mu, S.D. Wang, et al. Effects of RG formula on glucose metabolism, islet function and morphology of spontaneous diabetic rats. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2017;35:1702-1704. in Chinese
27 Chan A W, Tetzlaff J M, Gøtzsche P C, et al. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ 2013;346:e7586.
28 American Diabetes Association. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care 2018;41:S55-64.
29 Ribeiro RT, Macedo MP, Raposo JF. HbA1c, Fructosamine, and Glycated Albumin in the Detection of Dysglycaemic Conditions. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2016;12(1):14-9.
30 Klein, K. R., & Buse, J. B. The trials and tribulations of determining targets for diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews.Endocrinology. 2020;16(12):717-730.
31 Syed IA, Khan WA. Glycated haemoglobin--a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease. J Pak Med Assoc. 2011;61(7):690-695.
32 Rodriguez-Gutierrez, R. & McCoy, R. G. Measuring what matters in diabetes. JAMA.2019;321(19),1865-1866.
33 Koenig, R. J. Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin AIc in diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976;295(12), 417-420.
34 Matthews D R, Hosker J P, Rudenski A S, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(14):412-419.
35 Vuksan, V., Zenith, Z. X., Jovanovski, E., et al. Efficacy and safety of american ginseng extract on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind, randomized, cross-over clinical trial. European Journal of Nutrition. 2019;58(3), 1237-1245.
36 Dong, H., Wang, N., Zhao, L. Berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Evidence - Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/591654
37 S. Wang. Study on the mechanism of the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus by the combination of heat-clearing and qi-replenishing traditional Chinese medicine[D].Beijing: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 2007:43-49. in Chinese
38 Kheir M. M., Wang Y., Hua L., et al. Acute toxicity of berberine and its correlation with the blood concentration in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010;48:1105-1110.
39 Mancuso C, Santangelo R. Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius: From pharmacology to toxicology. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;107(Pt A):362-372.
40 Siegel R.K. Ginseng and high blood pressure. JAMA. 1980;243:32.