Studies Selection
Figure 1 describes the detailed literature search process. A total of 1588 studies were obtained. After reading the title and abstract, 210 studies were screened for full-text reading analysis. After excluding irrelevant studies (n = 201), a total of 9 studies were finally analyzed.
Figure 1. Flow of study selection.
Characteristics of Eligible Studies
Table 1 describes the detailed characteristics of 9 studies(Xie et al.,2011; Yin.,2010; Ou.,2010; Zhong and Zhang,2012; Zheng et al.,2012; Chen.,2013; Liao.,2015; Liu.,2016; Liu.,2019). These 9 studies are all from China and all use the SCL-90 scale to measure mental health. A total of 1020 middle-aged and elderly people (experimental group = 519, control group = 501) were all healthy or sub-healthy people.
Methodological Quality Assessment
Table 2 shows the methodological quality of the 9 studies. According to the PEDro scale, 8 studies received 6 points and 1 study received 5 points. According to the evaluation criteria: (9-10 points) considered excellent, (6-8 points) considered good, (4-5 points) think it is fair, (<4) think it is bad. Therefore, the quality of 8 studies is considered good, and the quality of 1 study is fair.
Table 1. Summary characteristics of included studies.
Study
|
Participants
Sample size male/female Age
(n) (n) (years)
|
Intervention Program
|
physical and mental exercise
Frequency Time Duration
(weekly) (min) (week)
|
Measuring tools
|
Xie et al.(2008)
|
70 0/70 65±5
EG=35 EG= 0/35 NR
CG=35 CG= 0/35 NR
|
EG: Tai Chi
CG:No exercise intervention
|
3 30 20
|
SCL-90
|
Yin(2010)
|
44 0/44 44.45± 4.54
EG=24 EG= 0/24 EG=44.92±5.29
CG=20 CG= 0/20 CG=43.90±3.49
|
EG: Yoga
CG:No exercise intervention
|
3 60 12
|
SCL-90
|
Ou (2010)
|
80 0/80 55-70
EG=40 EG= 0/40 NR
CG=40 CG=0/40 NR
|
EG:Tai Chi
CG:No exercise intervention
|
3 60 24
|
SCL-90
|
Zhong and Zhang.(2012)
|
214 58/156 NR
EG=115 EG =35/80 EG=63.49±5.84
CG=99 CG= 23/76 CG=62.54±6.28
|
EG:Yinjinjing Qigong
CG:No exercise intervention
|
>3 60 24
|
SCL-90
|
Zheng et al.(2012)
|
217 42/175 41-70
EG=110 EG =20 /90 EG=58.3±9.3
CG=107 CG=22/85 CG=58.3±9.4
|
EG:Liuzijue Qigong
CG:No exercise intervention
|
>3 30 24
|
SCL-90
|
Chen(2013)
|
168 79/89 60-84
EG:=80 EG= 38/ 42 EG=69.4±7.1
CG=88 CG= 41/47 CG=70.9±7.8
|
EG:Baduanjin Qigong
CG:No exercise intervention
|
>3 60 20
|
SCL-90
|
Liao.(2015)
|
80 0/80 NR
EG=40 EG =0/40 EG=63.1 ± 4. 20
CG:=40 CG= 0/40 CG=62.8 ± 3. 65
|
EG: Tai Chi
CG:No exercise intervention
|
3 60 24
|
SCL-90
|
Liu(2016)
|
63 0/63 60-70
EG=32 EG= 0/32 EG=66.3±2. 7
CG=31 CG= 0/31 CG=65.8±3. 2
|
EG: Tai Chi
CG:No exercise intervention
|
5 60 16
|
SCL-90
|
Liu(2019)
|
84 49/35 35-59
EG=43 EG=26/17 EG=41.49±5.62
CG=41 CG=23/18 CG= 42.09±6.18
|
EG: Tai Chi
CG:No exercise intervention
|
>3 45-60 12
|
SCL-90
|
Note: EG = experimental group; CG = control group; SCL-90 =Symptom Checklist 90; NR = not report.
Table 2. Methodological quality of the included studies (PEDro analysis).
|
Study
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
Score
|
Methodological Quality
|
Xie et al. (2011)
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
6
|
Good
|
|
Yin(2010)
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
6
|
Good
|
|
Ou(2010)
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
6
|
Good
|
|
Zhong and Zhang.( 2012)
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
6
|
Good
|
|
Zheng et al.( 2012)
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
6
|
Good
|
|
Chen( 2013)
Liao( 2015)
Liu( 2016)
Liu( 2019)
|
1
1
1
1
|
1
1
1
1
|
0
0
0
0
|
1
1
1
1
|
0
0
0
0
|
0
0
0
0
|
0
0
0
0
|
1
1
1
1
|
0
1
1
1
|
1
1
1
1
|
1
1
1
1
|
5
6
6
6
|
Fair
Good
Good
Good
|
Note: Item 1 =clearly describe the subject inclusion criteria; Item 2 = random allocation; Item 3 = concealed allocation;Item 4 = similarity at baseline on key measures; Item 5 =participant blinding; Item 6 =instructor blinding; Item 7 =assessor blinding;Item 8 = more than 85% retention rate of at least one outcome; Item 9 = intention-to-treat analysis; Item 10 = between-group statisticalcomparison for at least one outcome; Item 11 = point estimates and measures of variability provided for at leastone outcome. 1 = explicitly described and present in details; 0 = absent, inadequately described, or unclear.
Meta-Analysis of Outcome Indicators
Effects of physical and mental exercise on somatization of middle-aged and elderly people
In a meta-analysis of 9 studies, physical and mental exercise has a significant effect on reducing somatic symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people (WMD=-0.17, 95%CI: -0.27 to -0.07, p=0, I2=72.7%,Figure 2). z = 3.45, p = 0.001<0.05, the difference was statistically significant.
Figure 2. Effects of physical and mental exercise on somatization of middle-aged and elderly people
The results of the subgroup analysis show that: (1) gender subgroup: the effect of physical and mental exercise on the somatization symptoms of middle-aged and elderly women is a medium effect. (2) age subgroup: the effect of physical and mental exercise on the somatic symptoms of the elderly is greater than that of the middle-aged, and it is a medium effect. (3) exercise program subgroup: the effect of Tai Chi on somatic symptoms of the elderly is a medium effect.(4)exercise time subgroup: the effect of each exercise 45-60min on the somatic symptoms of middle-aged and elderly people is a medium effect.(5)exercise frequency subgroup: the effect of exercising 3 times per week is greater than that of exercise (> 3) per week, which is a medium effect.(6)exercise cycle subgroup: the effect of continuous exercise for 12-20 weeks is greater than that of continuous exercise for 24 weeks, which is a moderate effect. No statistical significance in other subgroups (Table 3).
Table 3. Results of subgroup analysis
Subgroups
|
Group standard
|
Number of studies
|
Z
|
P
|
Heterogeneity
|
WMD(95%CI)
|
gender
age
program
time
frequency
|
male
female
middle-aged
elderly
tai chi
health qigong
yoga
30min
45-60min
3
>3
|
0
5
2
3
5
3
1
1
8
4
5
|
-
4.37
3.49
4.04
5.57
2.53
0.55
2.01
6.04
4.28
3.27
|
-
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.011
0.579
0.044
0.000
0.000
0.001
|
-
I2=0%,p=0.559
I2=0%,p=0.630
I2=0%,p=0.439
I2=0%,p=0.591
I2=60.9%,p=0.077
-
-
I2=0%,p=0.646
I2=0%,p=0.461
I2=71.7%,p=0.007
|
-
-0.25(-0.36,-0.14)
-0.20(-0.31,-0.09)
-0.25(-0.37,-0.13)
-0.23(-0.32,-0.15)
-0.03(-0.06,-0.01)
-0.11(-0.50,0.28)
-0.03(-0.05,-0.00)
-0.20(-0.27,-0.14)
-0.26(-0.38,-0.14)
-0.04(-0.06,-0.02)
-0.03(-0.06,-0.01)
-0.22(-0.31,-0.14)
|
cycle
|
24
12-20
|
4
5
|
2.65
5.31
|
0.008
0.000
|
I2=63.8%,p=0.040
I2=0%,p=0.693
|
Effects of physical and mental exercise on obsessive-compulsive symptoms of middle-aged and old people
In a meta-analysis of 9 studies, physical and mental exercise has a significant effect on reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the middle-aged and elderly (WMD = -0.15, 95% CI: -0.25 to -0.06, p = 0.002, I2 = 67%,Figure 3), z = 3.18, p = 0.001 <0.05, the difference is statistically significant.
Figure 3. Effects of physical and mental exercise on obsessive-compulsive symptoms of middle-aged and old people
The results of subgroup analysis showed that: (1) gender subgroup: physical and mental exercise had a moderate effect on the obsessive-compulsive symptoms of middle-aged and elderly women. (2) age subgroup: physical and mental exercise has a greater effect on compulsive symptoms in middle-aged people than in the elderly, which is of moderate effect. (3) exercise program subgroup: the effect of Tai Chi on the obsessive-compulsive symptoms of middle and old people is moderate. (4) exercise time subgroup: the effect of each exercise 45-60min on the obsessive-compulsive symptoms of the middle-aged and the elderly is a small effect. (5) exercise frequency subgroup: the effect of exercising 3 times a week was greater than that of exercising weekly (>3) times, which is a medium effect. (6) exercise cycle subgroup: continuous exercise for 12-20 weeks has a moderate effect on the obsessive-compulsive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people. No statistical significance was found in other subgroups (Table 4)
Table 4. Results of subgroup analysis
Subgroups
|
Group standard
|
Number of studies
|
Z
|
P
|
Heterogeneity
|
WMD(95%CI)
|
gender
age
program
time
frequency
|
male
female
middle-aged
elderly
tai Chi
health qigong
yoga
30min
45-60min
3
>3
|
0
5
2
3
5
3
1
1
8
4
5
|
-
3.91
3.04
2.89
4.86
1.72
0.73
1.24
5.31
3.90
2.24
|
-
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.000
0.085
0.468
0.216
0.000
0.000
0.025
|
-
I2=0%,p=0.753
I2=0%,p=0.796
I2=0%,p=0.479
I2=0%,p=0.768
I2=51.3%,p=0.128
-
-
I2=0%,p=0.850
I2=0%,p=0.692
I2=64.7%,p=0.023
|
-
-0.23(-0.34,-0.11)
-0.21(-0.35,-0.08)
-0.18(-0.31,-0.06)
-0.23(-0.32,-0.14)
-0.02(-0.05,0.00)
-0.16(-0.59,0.27)
-0.02(-0.04,0.01)
-0.19(-0.26,-0.12)
-0.24(-0.36,-0.12)
-0.03(-0.05,-0.00)
-0.02(-0.05,0.00)
-0.20(-0.29,-0.10)
|
cycle
|
24
12-20
|
4
5
|
1.95
4.18
|
0.051
0.000
|
I2=70.3%,p=0.018
I2=0%,p=0.800
|
Effects of physical and mental exercise on interpersonal sensitivity in middle and old people
In a meta-analysis of 9 studies, physical and mental exercise has a significant effect on reducing the sensitivity of interpersonal relationships in the middle and old aged (WMD = -0.15, 95% CI: -0.24 to -0.06, p = 0.001, I2 = 71.1%,Figure 4), z = 3.17, p = 0.002 <0.05, the difference is statistically significant.
Figure 4. Effects of physical and mental exercise on interpersonal sensitivity in middle and old people
The results of subgroup analysis showed that: (1) gender subgroup: physical and mental exercise has a small effect on interpersonal sensitivity in middle-aged and elderly women. (2) age subgroup: physical and mental exercise has a greater effect on interpersonal sensitivity in middle-aged people than on the elderly, which is a medium effect. (3) exercise program subgroup: the effect of Tai Chi on interpersonal sensitivity of middle and old people is medium. (4) exercise time subgroup: each exercise 45-60min has a small effect on interpersonal sensitivity of middle-aged and elderly people. (5) exercise frequency subgroup: exercising 3 times a week has a small effect on interpersonal sensitivity of middle-aged and elderly people. (6) exercise cycle subgroup: continuous exercise for 12-20 weeks has a moderate effect on interpersonal sensitivity in middle-aged and elderly people. The analysis results of other subgroups were not statistically significant (Table 5)
Table 5. Results of subgroup analysis
Subgroups
|
Group standard
|
Number of studies
|
Z
|
P
|
Heterogeneity
|
WMD(95%CI)
|
gender
age
program
time
frequency
|
male
female
middle-aged
elderly
tai chi
health qigong
yoga
30min
45-60min
3
>3
|
0
5
2
3
5
3
1
1
8
4
5
|
-
3.54
3.25
3.35
4.87
1.19
0.38
0.57
5.60
3.03
1.90
|
-
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.232
0.702
0.570
0.000
0.002
0.058
|
-
I2=0%,p=0.818
I2=0%,p=0.413
I2=0%,p=0.568
I2=0%,p=0.856
I2=72.7%,p=0.026
-
-
I2=0%,p=0.944
I2=0%,p=0.960
I2=80.8%,p=0
|
-
-0.18(-0.28,-0.08)
-0.21(-0.34,-0.08)
-0.19(-0.30,-0.08)
-0.21(-0.29,-0.12)
-0.01(-0.04,0.01)
-0.07(-0.43,0.29)
-0.01(-0.03,0.02)
-0.18(-0.25,-0.12)
-0.16(-0.27,-0.06)
-0.02(-0.05,0.00)
-0.02(-0.04,0.01)
-0.20(-0.28,-0.12)
|
cycle
|
24
12-20
|
4
5
|
1.29
4.66
|
0.196
0.001
|
I2=65.5%,p=0.034
I2=0%,p=0.764
|
Effects of physical and mental exercises on middle-aged and elderly depressive symptoms
In a meta-analysis of 9 studies, physical and mental exercise has a significant effect on reducing depression in middle-aged and elderly (WMD = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.21 to -0.06, p = 0.009, I2 = 60.5%,Figure 5), z = 3.35, p = 0.001 <0.05, the difference is statistically significant.
Figure 5. Effects of physical and mental exercises on middle-aged and elderly depressive symptoms
The results of the subgroup analysis show that: (1) gender subgroup: physical and mental exercise has a small effect on depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly women. (2) age subgroup: physical and mental exercise has a smaller effect on depression symptoms in middle-aged people than in the elderly. (3) exercise program subgroup: the effect of Tai Chi on depressive symptoms of middle-aged and elderly people is small. (4) exercise time subgroup: each exercise 45-60min has a small effect on depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people. (5) exercise frequency subgroup: the effect of exercising 3 times a week was greater than that of exercising weekly (>3) times, it is a small effect. (6) exercise cycle subgroup: the effect of continuous exercise for 12-20 weeks is greater than that of continuous exercise for 24 weeks, which is a small effect. Results of other subgroups were not statistically significant(Table 6).
Table 6.Results of subgroup analysis
Subgroups
|
Group standard
|
Number of studies
|
Z
|
P
|
Heterogeneity
|
WMD(95%CI)
|
gender
age
program
time
frequency
|
male
female
middle-aged
elderly
tai chi
health qigong
yoga
30min
45-60min
3
>3
|
0
5
2
3
5
3
1
1
8
4
5
|
-
3.34
2.64
2.73
4.10
2.26
0.80
1.66
5.26
3.13
2.70
|
-
0.001
0.008
0.006
0.000
0.024
0.421
0.098
0.000
0.002
0.007
|
-
I2=0%,p=1.000
I2=0%,p=0.962
I2=0%,p=0.945
I2=0%,p=1.000
I2=75.2%,p=0.018
-
-
I2=0%,p=1.000
I2=0%,p=0.997
I2=70.5%,p=0.009
|
-
-0.17(-0.28,-0.07)
-0.17(-0.29-0.04)
-0.16(-0.28,-0.05)
-0.17(-0.26,-0.09)
-0.02(-0.04,-0.00)
-0.16(-0.55,0.23)
-0.02(-0.04,0.00)
-0.17(-0.24,-0.11)
-0.17(-0.28,-0.06)
-0.03(-0.05,-0.01)
-0.03(-0.05,-0.00)
-0.16(-0.25,-0.08)
|
cycle
|
24
12-20
|
4
5
|
2.40
3.80
|
0.016
0.000
|
I2=71.1%,p=0.015
I2=0%,p=0.998
|
Effects of physical and mental exercise on anxiety in middle and old people
In a meta-analysis of 9 studies, physical and mental exercise has a significant effect on reducing the anxiety of middle-aged and elderly people (WMD = -0.10, 95% CI: -0.16 to -0.04, p = 0.034, I2 = 51.9%, Figure 6), z = 3.02,p = 0.003 <0.05, the difference is statistically significant.
Figure 6. Effects of physical and mental exercise on anxiety in middle and old people
The results of the subgroup analysis show that: (1) gender subgroup: the effect of physical and mental exercise on the anxiety of female middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect. (2) age subgroup: the effect of physical and mental exercise on elderly anxiety is a small effect. (3) exercise program subgroup: the effect of Tai Chi on the anxiety of middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect. (4) Exercise time subgroup: the effect of 45-60min per exercise on the anxiety of middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect.(5)Exercise frequency subgroup: the effect of exercising 3 times a week on the anxiety symptoms of middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect. (6) Exercise cycle subgroup: the effect of continuous exercise for 12-20 weeks on the anxiety symptoms of middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect. Results of other subgroups were not statistically significant (Table 7)
Table 7. Results of subgroup analysis
Subgroups
|
Group standard
|
Number of studies
|
Z
|
P
|
Heterogeneity
|
WMD(95%CI)
|
gender
age
program
time
frequency
|
male
female
middle-aged
elderly
tai chi
health qigong
yoga
30min
45-60min
3
>3
|
0
5
2
3
5
3
1
1
8
4
5
|
-
3.13
1.74
2.91
3.46
1.55
0.52
0.98
4.45
2.97
1.93
|
-
0.002
0.081
0.004
0.001
0.120
0.600
0.327
0.000
0.003
0.054
|
-
I2=0%,p=0.793
I2=0%,p=0.956
I2=0%,p=0.831
I2=0%,p=0.741
I2=67.6%,p=0.046
-
-
I2=0%,p=0.956
I2=0%,p=0.670
I2=54.3%,p=0.067
|
-
-0.14(-0.23,-0.05)
-0.10(-0.21,0.01)
-0.15(-0.25,-0.05)
-0.13(-0.20,-0.06)
-0.02(-0.04,0.00)
-0.09(-0.43,0.25)
-0.01(-0.03,0.01)
-0.13(-0.19,-0.07)
-0.15(-0.25,-0.05)
-0.02(-0.04,0.00)
-0.02(-0.04,0.00)
-0.13(-0.20,-0.05)
|
cycle
|
24
12-20
|
4
5
|
1.64
3.32
|
0.101
0.001
|
I2=63.8%,p=0.041
I2=0%,p=0.936
|
Influence of physical and mental exercise on the hostility of middle-aged and elderly people
In a meta-analysis of 9 studies, physical and mental exercise has a significant effect on reducing the hostility of middle-aged and elderly people (WMD = -0.03, 95% CI: -0.05 to -0.01, p = 0.075, I2 = 43.9%, Figure 7), z = 3.00, p = 0.003 <0.05, the difference is statistically significant.
Figure 7. Influence of physical and mental exercise on the hostility of middle-aged and elderly people
The results of the subgroup analysis show that: (1) gender subgroup: the effect of physical and mental exercise on the hostility of female middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect. (2) age subgroup: the effect of physical and mental exercise on the hostility of middle-aged people is greater than that of the elderly, which is a small effect. (3) exercise program subgroup: the effect of Tai Chi on the hostility of middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect. (4) exercise time subgroup: the effect of 45-60 minutes of each exercise on the hostility of the middle-aged and the elderly is a small effect. (5) exercise frequency sub-group: the effect of exercising 3 times a week is greater than that of weekly exercise (> 3), which is a small effect. (6) exercise cycle subgroup: the effect of continuous exercise for 12-20 weeks is greater than that of continuous exercise for 24 weeks, which is a small effect. Results of other subgroups were not statistically significant (Table 8)
Table 8. Results of subgroup analysis
Subgroups
|
Group standard
|
Number of studies
|
Z
|
P
|
Heterogeneity
|
WMD(95%CI)
|
gender
age
program
time
frequency
|
male
female
middle-aged
elderly
tai chi
health qigong
yoga
30min
45-60min
3
>3
|
0
5
2
3
5
3
1
1
8
4
5
|
-
3.11
2.35
2.43
3.87
1.95
0.37
1.45
4.47
3.20
2.30
|
-
0.002
0.019
0.015
0.000
0.051
0.715
0.148
0.000
0.001
0.021
|
-
I2=0%,p=0.953
I2=0%,p=0.696
I2=0%,p=0.743
I2=0%,p=0.944
I2=44%,p=0.168
-
-
I2=0%,p=0.991
I2=0%,p=0.992
I2=47.6%,p=0.106
|
-
-0.14(-0.22,-0.05)
-0.16(-0.30,-0.03)
-0.12(-0.22,-0.02)
-0.15(-0.22,-0.07)
-0.02(-0.04,0.00)
-0.08(-0.51,0.35)
-0.02(-0.04,0.01)
-0.13(-0.19,0.07)
-0.15(-0.24,-0.06)
-0.03(-0.05,-0.00)
-0.02(-0.05,-0.00)
-0.13(-0.21,-0.06)
|
cycle
|
24
12-20
|
4
5
|
2.17
3.34
|
0.030
0.001
|
I2=53.1%,p=0.094
I2=0%,p=0.913
|
Influence of physical and mental exercise on phobia of middle-aged and old people
In a meta-analysis of 9 studies, physical and mental exercise had no significant effect on reducing phobia in middle-aged and elderly people (WMD = -0.01, 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.01, p = 0.182, I2 = 29.6%, Figure 8), z = 1.19, p = 0.233> 0.05.
Figure 8. Influence of physical and mental exercise on phobia of middle-aged and old people
The results of the subgroup analysis show that: (1) gender subgroup: the effect of physical and mental exercise on reducing the phobia of middle-aged and elderly women is a small effect. (2) exercise program subgroup: the effect of Tai Chi on reducing the phobia of middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect. (3) exercise time subgroup: the effect of 45-60min per exercise on reducing the phobia of middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect. (4) exercise frequency subgroup: the effect of exercising 3 times a week on reducing the phobia of middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect. (5) exercise cycle subgroup: the effect of continuous exercise for 12-20 weeks on reducing the phobia of middle-aged and elderly people is a small effect. Results of other subgroups were not statistically significant (Table 9)
Table 9. Results of subgroup analysis
Subgroups
|
Group standard
|
Number of studies
|
Z
|
P
|
Heterogeneity
|
WMD(95%CI)
|
gender
age
program
time
frequency
|
male
female
middle-aged
elderly
tai chi
health qigong
yoga
30min
45-60min
3
>3
|
0
5
2
5
5
3
1
1
8
4
5
|
-
2.73
1.92
1.41
2.20
0.41
2.45
0.18
2.93
2.76
0.59
|
-
0.006
0.055
0.159
0.028
0.682
0.014
0.855
0.003
0.006
0.556
|
-
I2=0%,p=0.542
I2=68.6%,p=0.074
I2=0%,p=0.806
I2=0%,p=0.966
I2=0%,p=0.552
-
-
I2=0%,p=0.758
I2=0%,p=0.431
I2=0%,p=0.729
|
-
-0.12(-0.20,-0.03)
-0.11(-0.22,0.00)
-0.07(-0.17,0.03)
-0.08(-0.15,-0.01)
-0.00(-0.03,0.02)
-0.32(-0.58,0.06)
-0.00(-0.02,0.02)
-0.09(-0.14,-0.03)
-0.13(-0.22,-0.04)
-0.01(-0.03,0.01)
-0.01(-0.03,0.01)
-0.09(-0.16,-0.01)
|
cycle
|
24
12-20
|
4
5
|
0.59
2.33
|
0.556
0.020
|
I2=4.6%,p=0.370
I2=0%,p=0.422
|
Effects of physical and mental exercise on paranoid ideation in middle-aged and elderly people
In a meta-analysis of 9 studies, physical and mental exercise has a significant effect on reducing paranoid symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people (WMD = -0.10, 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.02, p = 0.009, I2 = 60.9%, Figure 9),z = 2.58, p = 0.01 <0.05, the difference is statistically significant.
Figure 9. Effects of physical and mental exercise on paranoid ideation in middle-aged and elderly people
The results of the subgroup analysis show that: (1) gender subgroup: the effect of physical and mental exercise on the paranoid symptoms of middle-aged and elderly women is a small effect. (2) age subgroup: the effect of physical and mental exercise on the paranoia of the elderly is a small effect. (3) exercise program subgroup: the effect of Tai Chi on the paranoia of middle-aged and old people is a small effect. (4) exercise time subgroup: the effect of each exercise 45-60min on the paranoia of middle-aged and old people is a small effect. (5) exercise frequency subgroup: the effect of exercising 3 times a week on the paranoia of middle-aged and old people is a small effect. (6) exercise cycle subgroup: the effect of continuous exercise for 12-20 weeks on the paranoid of middle-aged and old people is a small effect. Results of other subgroups were not statistically significant (Table 10)
Table 10. Results of subgroup analysis
Subgroups
|
Group standard
|
Number of studies
|
Z
|
P
|
Heterogeneity
|
WMD(95%CI)
|
|
gender
age
program
time
frequency
|
male
female
middle-aged
elderly
tai Chi
health qigong
yoga
30min
45-60min
3
>3
|
0
5
2
3
5
3
1
1
8
4
5
|
-
3.77
0.63
3.14
2.87
1.44
0.24
0.72
4.07
3.45
1.41
|
-
0.000
0.531
0.002
0.004
0.150
0.812
0.473
0.000
0.001
0.158
|
-
I2=0%,p=0.853
I2=0%,p=0.587
I2=0%,p=0.737
I2=49.4%,p=0.095
I2=72.2%,p=0.028
-
-
I2=16.7%,p=0.298
I2=0%,p=0.821
I2=62.4%,p=0.031
|
-
-0.17(-0.25,-0.08)
0.04(-0.09,0.18)
-0.16(-0.26,-0.06)
-0.11(-0.19,-0.04)
-0.02(-0.04,0.01)
-0.04(-0.37,0.29)
-0.01(-0.03,0.02)
-0.12(-0.18,-0.06)
-0.16(-0.25,-0.07)
-0.02(-0.04,0.01)
-0.02(-0.04,0.00)
-0.09(-0.17,-0.01)
|
cycle
|
24
12-20
|
4
5
|
1.68
2.17
|
0.093
0.030
|
I2=73.8%,p=0.010
I2=38%,p=0.168
|
Effects of physical and mental exercises on psychosis of middle-aged and elderly people
In a meta-analysis of 9 studies, physical and mental exercise had no significant effect on reducing psychotic symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people (WMD = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.00, p = 0.860, I2 = 0%, Figure 10), z = 1.72, p = 0.086> 0.05.
Figure 10. Effects of physical and mental exercises on psychosis of middle-aged and elderly people
The results of subgroup analysis showed that the results of each subgroup had no statistical significance (Table 11).
Table 11. Results of subgroup analysis
Subgroups
|
Group standard
|
Number of studies
|
Z
|
P
|
Heterogeneity
|
WMD(95%CI)
|
gender
age
program
time
frequency
|
male
female
middle-aged
elderly
tai Chi
health qigong
yoga
30min
45-60min
3
>3
|
0
5
2
3
5
3
1
1
8
4
5
|
-
1.48
0.18
0.95
1.35
1.41
0.07
1.14
1.94
1.44
1.44
|
-
0.139
0.856
0.343
0.177
0.160
0.943
0.253
0.053
0.149
0.150
|
-
I2=0%,p=0.993
I2=0%,p=1.000
I2=0%,p=0.862
I2=0%,p=0.959
I2=19.4%,p=0.289
-
-
I2=0%,p=0.967
I2=0%,p=0.975
I2=0%,p=0.637
|
-
-0.06(-0.14,0.02)
-0.01(-0.12,0.10)
-0.05(-0.14,0.05)
-0.05(-0.11,0.02)
-0.01(-0.03,0.01)
-0.01(-0.28,0.26)
-0.01(-0.03,0.01)
-0.05(-0.11,0.00)
-0.06(-0.14,0.02)
-0.01(-0.03,0.00)
-0.01(-0.03,0.00)
-0.03(-0.10,0.04)
|
cycle
|
24
12-20
|
4
5
|
1.56
0.83
|
0.119
0.405
|
I2=8.0%,p=0.353
I2=0%,p=0.970
|