Characteristics of the study population
A total of 124 voluntary male subjects participated in this study. The age of the patients was ranged from 21 to 72 years with an average of 37.12 +/- 7.56 years. The male subjects of more than 30 years were the most represented (92.85%). This study did not observe an aspermal case. The mean volume of ejaculate was 2.82 +/- 1.27 mL with a minimum volume of 0.6 mL and the maximum of 7.5 mL.
The average concentration of sperm from the ejaculate was 13,697,011 sperms/µL with an average number of 90,140,661 sperms and a maximum to 911 840 1 000 sperms.
Sperm collection patterns in male subjects were masturbation (66.13%) and coitus interruption (33.87%). Subjects aged more than 30 years and over mostly took their samples from the laboratory by masturbation (56.09%) and coitus interruptus was performed at home in 52.38% of cases (Table 1).
Table 1: Method of sperm collection by place and age of male subjects
Sampling mode
|
Sampling place
|
Total
n (%)
|
Home
n (%)
|
Laboratory
n (%)
|
Coitus interruptus
|
Age classes
|
30 years
|
1 (2.38)
|
2 (4.76)
|
3 (7.14)
|
≥ 30 years
|
22 (52.38)
|
17 (40.47)
|
39 (92.85)
|
Total
|
23 (54.76)
|
19 (45.23)
|
42 (100)
|
Masturbation
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age classes
|
30 years
|
3 (3.65)
|
7 (8.53)
|
10 (12.19)
|
≥ 30 years
|
26 (31.70)
|
46 (56.09)
|
72 (87.80)
|
Total
|
29 (35.3 6)
|
53 (64.63)
|
82 (100)
|
NB: Seven (7) patients did not indicate their ages.
Sperm abnormalities of the subjects of the study
Most subjects in this study had their spermogram and spermocytogram results. They had at least one abnormality in 87.9% of cases. The most observed abnormalities were oligozoospermia and necrozoospermia with 40% and 42% respectively followed by asthenospermia (18%); teratozoospermia (16%) and azoospermia (14%).
Prevalence and distribution of high-risk HPV in male subjects
In this study, the prevalence of high-risk HPV infection was 17.7% in male subjects. Of the 14 genotypes sought, 13 were identified with frequencies ranging from 3 to 20% (Figure 1). The most common genotypes were HPV 56, HPV 31, HPV39 and HPV68; follow by of HPV 16, HPV 18, HPV 33, HPV 35, HPV 51, HPV 52, HPV 45, HPV 59 and HPV 66. HPV 16 and HPV 18 genotypes had a cumulative frequency of 14% and other HR-HPV accounted for 86%.
Carriage of HR-HPV infection according to sperm abnormality in male subjects
HR-HPV was found in 17.59% of men with sperm abnormality. Table 2 shows the frequency of sperm abnormality according to the presence or absence of infection with high-risk HPV.
Table 2: Sperm abnormality according to the presence or absence of high-risk HPV
|
Sperm abnormality
N (%)
|
Absence of anomaly
N (%)
|
Total N (%)
|
p value
|
Positive HPV-HR
|
19 (17.59)
|
3 (18.75)
|
22 (17.74)
|
0.571
|
Negative HPV-HR
|
89 (82.41)
|
13 (81.25)
|
102 (82,26)
|
Total
|
108 (100)
|
16 (100)
|
124 (100)
|
Different types of sperm abnormalities according to HR-HPV genotypes in isolated or multiple infections are presented in Table 3. Oligospermia and necrospermia were more detected in male subjects having HPV 56.
Table 3: Isolated or multiple HR-HPV infections and sperm abnormalities
HPV-HR genotypes
|
Total (%)
|
Normal (%)
|
Oligospermia (%)
|
Asthenospermia (%)
|
Necrospermia (%)
|
Teratospemia (%)
|
Cryptospermia (%)
|
Azoospermia (%)
|
Polyzoospermia (%)
|
HPV 16, HPV 31
|
1 (5)
|
-
|
1 (10)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
HPV 18
|
2 (9)
|
-
|
2 (20)
|
-
|
2 (18)
|
1 (50)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
HPV 31, HPV 51
|
1 (5)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1 (100)
|
-
|
-
|
HPV 31, HPV 51, HPV 58
|
1 (5)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1 (9)
|
1 (50)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
HPV 31, HPV 59
|
1 (5)
|
1 (33)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
HPV 33
|
1 (5)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1 (33)
|
-
|
HPV 33, HPV 56
|
1 (5)
|
1 (33)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
HPV 35
|
1 (5)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1 (33)
|
-
|
HPV 39
|
3 (14)
|
-
|
1 (10)
|
-
|
2 (18)
|
-
|
-
|
1 (33)
|
-
|
HPV 39, HPV 52
|
1 (5)
|
-
|
-
|
1 (50)
|
1 (9)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
HPV 45, HPV 68
|
1 (5)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1 (9)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
HPV 52, HPV 35, HPV 68
|
1 (5)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1 (100)
|
HPV 56
|
5 (23)
|
-
|
5 (50)
|
1 (50)
|
3 (27)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
HPV 66, HPV 68
|
1 (5)
|
-
|
1 (10)
|
-
|
1 (9)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
HPV 68, HPV 33, HPV 56
|
1 (5)
|
1 (33)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Total (%)
|
22 (100)
|
3 (100)
|
10 (100)
|
2 (100)
|
11 (100)
|
2 (100)
|
1 (100)
|
3 (100)
|
1 (100)
|