To select drought-resistant and dust-tolerant tree species suitable for being planted in a drought-ridden and high-dust coal base in northwest China, we used nine tree species to determine the growth status, biomass, harm index, and photosynthetic characteristics under drought and highly dusty stress conditions. The results showed that in the drought resistance index system, their cumulative contribution rate reached 98.1%, and the drought resistance order was Ammopiptanthus mongolicus > Hedysarum scoparium > Sabina vulgaris >Caragana korshinskii > Ulmus pumila > Amorpha fruticosa > Caryopteris mongholica > Tamarix chinensis > Elaeagnus angustifolia. In the dust resistance index system, the cumulative contribution rate reached 95.2%. The dust resistance order was Caragana korshinskii > Amorpha fruticosa > Sabina vulgaris > Hedysarum scoparium > Tamarix chinensis > Ammopiptanthus mongolicus > Ulmus pumila > Caryopteris mongholica > Elaeagnus angustifolia. In the drought and dust resistance comprehensive index system, 14 indices (shoot length, stomatal conductance, and POD) had larger weights and the cumulative contribution of comprehensive indices reached 100%. The drought and dust resistance order of the test tree species was Caragana korshinskii > Ulmus pumila > Amorpha fruticosa > Sabina vulgaris > Caryopteris mongholica > Ammopiptanthus mongolicus > Hedysarum scoparium > Tamarix chinensis > Elaeagnus angustifolia. These results provided a reference for the selection of suitable greening tree species in accordance with local conditions in drought-mining areas.