PINK1 Mediated Mitophagy Attenuates Early Apoptosis of Gingival Epithelial Cells Induced by High Glucose

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-954052/v1

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PINK1 Mediated Mitophagy Attenuates Early Apoptosis of Gingival Epithelial Cells Induced by High Glucose

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-954052/v1

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Background: Oxidative stress mediated by hyperglycemia damages cell-reparative processes such as mitophagy. Down-regulation of mitophagy is considered to be a susceptible factor for diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. However, the role of mitophagy in DM-associated periodontitis has not been fully elucidated. Apoptosis of human gingival epithelial cells (hGECs) is one of the representative events of DM-associated periodontitis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-mediated mitophagy activated in the process of high glucose (HG)-induced hGECs apoptosis.

Methods: For dose-response studies, hGECs were incubated in different concentrations of glucose (5.5, 15, 25, and 50 mmol/L) for 48h. Then, hGECs were challenged with 25 mmol/L glucose for 12h and 48h, respectively. Apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), caspase 9 and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Subsequently, autophagy was evaluated by estimating P62, LC3 II mRNA levels, LC3 fluorescent puncta and LC3-II/I ratio. Meanwhile, the involvement of PINK1-mediated mitophagy was assessed by qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence. Finally, hGECs were transfected with shPINK1 and analyzed by MMP, caspase 9 and annexin V-FITC apoptosis.

Results: The number of TUNEL-positive cells and caspase 9 protein were significantly increased in cells challenged with HG (25 mmol/L) for 48h (HG 48h). MMP was impaired both at HG 12h and HG 48h, but the degree of depolarization was more serious at HG 48h. The autophagy improved as the amount of LC3 II increased and p62 decreased in HG 12h. During this process, HG 12h treatment induced PINK1-mediated mitophagy. PINK1 silencing with HG 12h resulted in MMP depolarization and cell apoptosis.

Conclusions: These results suggested that loss of the PINK1 gene may cause mitochondrial dysfunction and increase sensitivity to HG-induced apoptosis of hGECs at the early stage. PINK1 mediated mitophagy attenuates early apoptosis of gingival epithelial cells induced by high glucose.

Dentistry

PINK1

Mitophagy

Apoptosis

Short-term high glucose

Human gingival epithelial cells

Diabetes mellitus

Periodontitis

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as a global health challenge. According to statistics from the international diabetes federation, it is estimated that one person dies of diabetes or its complications every seven seconds [1]. DM is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from inadequate insulin production, and/or impaired insulin action. It is well documented that hyperglycemia, especially when poorly controlled, is a major independent factor in the onset, progression and aggravation of periodontitis [2]. In addition, in the early stages of diabetes, the host may promote tissue repair to resist the damage of hyperglycemia. These facts suggest the importance early treatment of periodontitis in subjects with DM.

Periodontitis is a localized infectious disease of tooth-supporting tissues caused by bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis [3]. Bacterial products influenced the gingival tissues, activating cellular processes that induce the destruction of the connective tissue and alveolar bone [4]. Gingival epithelial cells (GECs) are the first line of defense in periodontal tissue against oral bacterial and other harmful stimuli, such as high blood glucose and smoking [5]. Periodontal bacteria and virulence factors increase the number of apoptotic GECs in the gingival epithelium of patients with periodontitis [6]. Compared with periodontitis in non-DM, the percentage of apoptotic GECs and the degree of inflammatory cells infiltration were increased significantly in rats with DM-associated periodontitis (DMPD) [7]. The apoptosis of human GECs triggers the destruction of epithelial barrier and aggravated the progression of DMPD. Taken all the factors into consideration, it is suggested that apoptosis of GECs is one of the signs of DMPD, which can be used to predict the pathological progress of this disease. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that intervention of pathologic apoptosis of GECs would alleviate periodontitis under diabetic condition.

Apoptosis is an important pathway for cell death, and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis is a special kind. Mitochondria play a central role in cellular energy metabolism [8]. When the cells are subjected to external stimuli, they activate cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (Caspase), which eventually leads to apoptosis and DNA damage of GECs in the progression of periodontitis. Caspase activation is a classic apoptotic pathway characterized by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), increased permeability and activated caspase apoptosis protein [9]. Mitophagy, a selective type of autophagy, is a major mechanism to eliminate damaged mitochondria and stabilize mitochondrial function [10]. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin, Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)/Nip-like protein X (NIX), and Fun14 Domain containing 1 (FUNDC1) are three crucial receptor proteins of mitophagy [11]. Growing evidence indicates that disruption of mitophagy can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, acerbating diabetes-related complications [12, 13]. Mutations at the PINK1 locus have also been reported to be susceptible to type 2 DM [14]. Although periodontitis is considered the sixth major complication of diabetes [2], the involvement and possible molecular mechanisms of mitophagy in the context of DMPD have not been fully understood. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of mitophagy in pathologic apoptosis of GECs under hyperglycemic conditions and thus the underlying molecular mechanisms.

The pathological changes in GECs resulting from high glucose (HG) have been widely accepted in the DM model [15]. In this study, human GECs (hGECs) were employed to assess apoptosis using glucose of different concentrations and challenge timings. Then, the autophagy induced by HG of certain concentrations and timing was identified. hGECs in HG conditions were further used to assess the mRNA change of mitophagy. Finally, the effects of downregulated mitophagy on apoptosis were investigated. The findings may provide a new target for rescuing HG-triggered apoptosis in hGECs to meet the needs of therapy for DMPD at the early stage.

Study design

HGECs were stimulated by glucose at different times to induce apoptosis. For dose-response studies, hGECs were incubated in different concentrations of glucose (5.5, 15, 25, and 50 mmol/L) for 48h. TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), caspase 9 and MMP were detected. We determined that the lowest concentration of HG-induced apoptosis of hGECs was 25 mmol/L. Then, hGECs were challenged with 25 mmol/L glucose for 12h and 48h, respectively. Cells were divided into the following groups: normal glucose (NG) 12h group (cells were cultured for 12h with 5.5mmol/L glucose); HG 12h group (cells were cultured for 12h with 25 mmol/L glucose); NG 48h group (cells were cultured for 48h with 5.5mmol/L glucose); HG 48h group (cells were cultured for 48h with 25 mmol/L glucose). Then, the autophagy under different conditions was assessed by LC3 Ⅱ and P62. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were performed to evaluate mitophagy. hGECs were transfected with shPINK1 and analyzed by MMP, caspase 9 and annexin V-FITC apoptosis.

Cell culture

The primary hGECs (HUM-iCell-m016) was commercial used and purchased from the company (Cybertron Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). hGECs were cultured in a complete human epithelial cell media PriMed-iCell-001 (Cybertron Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) containing 5.5 mmol/L glucose (HyClone Laboratories, Inc. Logan, Utah, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (GIBCO Life Technologies Inc., Grand Island, NY, USA), 1% antibiotics (GIBCO Life Technologies Inc., Grand Island, NY, USA). Cells were cultured in a 37°C incubator with 5% CO₂ and 95% air. When the cells reached 80% confluence, they were digested with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (GIBCO Life Technologies Inc., Grand Island, NY, USA) and used within 3-4 passages for subsequent experiments.

TUNEL assay

Apoptotic cells were detected by a TUNEL detection kit (KeyGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol [16]. Briefly, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30min and permeabilized with 1% Triton X-100 for 5 min at room temperature. Cells were cultured in 50 µL TdT enzyme reaction solution for 1h at 37°C. After washing with phosphate-buffered saline, cells were incubated in 50µL of Streptavidin-TRITC working solution at 37°C for 30min. The nuclei were counterstained with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) at room temperature for 10 min. The whole experiment was carried out in the dark. TUNEL-positive cells were observed and photographed using a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM; Olympus Fluoview FV3000, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at excitation/emission wavelengths of 470/550 nm. Five representative fields were selected from each group and the TUNEL-positive cells in each field were calculated by ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).

Western blotting

Total protein from hGECs treated with different concentrations of glucose was extracted using RIPA lysis buffer with 1% phosphatase inhibitor and 1% PMSF. Then, the protein concentration was measured by the BCA Protein Assay Kit (BOSTER Biological technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Protein expression levels were detected through western blotting as described previously [17]. The following primary antibodies were used: caspase 9 (1:1000 dilution; Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, MA, USA), LC3 (1:1000 dilution; Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, MA, USA), PINK1 (1:1000 dilution; Abcam Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (1:2000 dilution; Bioss Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China). Horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:2000 dilution; BOSTER Biological technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China) was used as a secondary antibody. The protein signals were detected by electrogenerated chemiluminescence substrates. The protein gel imaging analysis system (Syngene, United Kingdom) was used to detect grayscale values of bands.

MMP

MMP was measured by a 5,5’,6,6’-tetrachloro-1,1’,3,3’-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) kit (Beyotime, Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) according to the method described previously [19]. hGECs were seeded in laser confocal dishes at a density of 8×10⁴ cells per well. Cells were incubated in 1mL JC-1 (10 µm) staining solution for 30 min at 37°C in the dark. Then, the cells were washed twice with JC-1 staining buffer. Cells were observed under LSCM at 530 nm wavelengths for green fluorescence and 590 nm wavelengths for red fluorescence. The ratio of red/green fluorescence intensity was used to measure the depolarization of MMP.

QRT-PCR

Total RNA was isolated from hGECs using TRIzol^TM reagent (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA) following the manufacturer’s instructions as described previously [19]. RNA concentration was determined with a NanoDrop 2000c spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Precipitated RNA was dissolved in diethylpyrocarbonate water and reverse transcribed into cDNA using PrimeScript^TM RT Master Mix (TaKaRa Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China). Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR analysis (LC3 II forward primer 5’-AGCAGCATCCAACCAAAA-3’, reverse primer 5’-CTGTGTCCGTTCACCAACAG-3’; P62 forward primer 5’- TGCCCAGACTACGACTTGTG-3’, reverse primer 5’-GAGAAGCCCTCAGACAGGTG-3’; PINK1 forward primer 5’-GGACGCTGTTCCTCGTTA-3’, reverse primer 5’-ATCTGCGATCACCAGCCA-3’; NIX forward primer 5’-AGTAGCTTATTTGAACTTGAGACCATTG-3’, reverse primer 5’-TGAGGGTTACTGGAATTGGATATGTA-3’; FUNDC1 forward primer 5’-GCAGTAGGTGGTGGCTTTC-3’, reverse primer 5’-TGCTTTGTTCGCTCGTTT; GAPDH forward primer 5’-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC-3’, reverse primer 5’-TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA-3’). qRT-PCR was performed on the Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System with SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ II (TaKaRa Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The obtained CT values were calculated by the 2^−ΔΔCt method. The results of relative gene levels were normalized to GAPDH.

Immunofluorescence

The cellular localization of LC3 II and PINK1 was examined by LSCM as described previously [20]. Briefly, hGECs were seeded in laser confocal dishes at a density of 8×10⁴ cells per well. After treatment, cells were fixed for 20 min with 4% precooled paraformaldehyde and washed with phosphate-buffered saline. Then, the cells were permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 for 10 min and blocked with 5% BSA for 30 min at room temperature. hGECs were fixed and incubated with LC3 II (1:100 dilution; Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) or PINK1 (1:100 dilution; Abcam Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), followed by FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG fluorescent secondary antibody (1:1000 dilution; GenePharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Then, the cells were counterstained with DAPI (1:1000 dilution; Sigma-Aldrich Trading Co. Ltd., St. Louis, MO, USA) for visualization of the nuclei. Cell images were further observed and photographed using LSCM at excitation/emission wavelengths of 488/530 nm. Fluorescence intensity was calculated using ImageJ software.

Lentivirus transfection of PINK1

PINK1 inhibition by lentivirus-mediated shRNA vector and its corresponding empty vectors were designed and synthesized by GenePharma (GenePharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). hGECs were seeded on six-well plates and allowed to attach overnight. At approximately 60-70% confluence, hGECs were transfected with shPINK1 or shNC. The virus was added with 5 µg/mL polybrene and incubated with cells in 5% CO₂ at 37°C. After 18h, the supernatant fluid with the viral particles was removed and replaced with fresh medium. Then, the cells were incubated in 5% CO₂ at 37°C for an additional 72h. The fluorescence efficiency of the cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy.

Flow cytometric analysis

Apoptosis in hGECs was assessed by an annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis analysis kit (KeyGen, KeyGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol [21]. Briefly, cells were digested with 500 µL trypsin without EDTA and centrifuged for 5 min at 2000 rpm. Then, the cells were resuspended in 500 µL binding buffer stained with 5 µL FITC-conjugated annexin V and 5 µL of propidium iodide for 15 min at room temperature in the dark. Quantitative analysis of apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry (Becton, Dickinson and Company, USA) in 1h at excitation/emission wavelengths of 488/530 nm. The percentage of apoptotic events in a given area was counted as the percentage of total apoptotic cells.

Statistical analysis

All experiments were performed at least in triplicate. Quantitative analysis was expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). One-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests were further compared for each group using SPSS 22.0. The data were considered significant at P < 0.05.

Establishment of a stable model of HG-induced apoptosis of hGECs

We intended to determine the role of HG in apoptosis of hGECs. hGECs were first challenged with different concentrations of glucose for 48h. As shown in Fig. 1a, compared to the normal glucose group (5.5 mmol/L glucose), the apoptotic cells presented red fluorescence in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, 25 and 50 mmol/L glucose treatments stimulated caspase 9 protein cleavage (Fig. 1b). These results suggested that 25 mmol/L was the lowest concentration of HG to induce apoptosis of hGECs.

Apoptosis was further examined by challenges with 25 mmol/L glucose for 12h and 48h. Treatment with 25 mmol/L glucose for 48h significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells when compared to that of the NG 48h group. The percentage of TUNEL-positive cells at 48h was significantly higher than that of 12h (Fig. 1c). Similarly, caspase 9 expression exhibited the same trend as TUNEL (Fig. 1d). Therefore, these results indicated that notable hGECs apoptosis was induced using 25mmol/L glucose for 48h.

MMP is an indicator of mitochondrial health and an important parameter of mitochondrial function. Changes in cell MMP can be directly detected by the fluorescent probe JC-1. In the mitochondria, JC-1 presented a potential dependent accumulation in the mitochondria, which showed a fluorescence shift from green (emission wavelength: ~529 nm) to red (emission wavelength: ~590 nm). JC-1 can be optically measured by the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio. We examined whether the depolarization of MMP was involved in HG-induced hGECs apoptosis. As shown in Fig. 1e, the MMP in the NG 12h and NG 48h groups was maintained at a normal level with red fluorescence. HG stimulated a loss of MMP both at 12h and 48h with increased green fluorescence. In addition, compared to the HG 12h group, the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio was significantly lower in HG 48h (Fig. 1f). According to the result, we found that MMP depolarization occurred as early as 12h after stimulation by HG

Effect of HG on autophagy in hGECs.

Next, we examined LC3 II and P62 to further confirm the effect of HG on autophagy. As shown in Fig. 2a, HG 48h treatment significantly increased the expression of P62 mRNA in the hGECs when compared to that of NG 12h and HG 12h. Moreover, the expression of LC3 II mRNA was significantly elevated in the HG 12h group compared with mRNA level in NG 12h or HG 48h. We also monitored autophagic activity by LC3 using immunofluorescence and western blotting analysis. Immunofluorescence data presented in Fig. 2b, LC3 II in the NG 12h and NG 48h groups was maintained at a normal level with green fluorescence. HG stimulated strong fluorescence intensity at 12h and weak fluorescence intensity at 48h. Western blotting assay further confirmed that the relative ratio of LC3 II/I significant increased in HG 12h (Fig. 2c). In conclusion, the results from Fig. 2 indicated autophagy occurred in HG 12h with the evidence of down-regulated p62 and increased LC3 levels.

Effect of HG on PINK1-mediated mitophagy in hGECs

Mitophagy is an effective process in eukaryotic cells to remove excessive or damaged mitochondria. The mRNA levels of representative genes in the mitophagy pathway (FUNDC1, NIX, PINK1) were assessed by qRT-PCR. We found a significant increase in the expression of PINK1 mRNA in HG 12h. However, there were no significant differences in the expression of FUNDC1 and NIX mRNA between groups (Fig. 3a). Furthermore, the expression of PINK1 was verified using immunofluorescence and western blotting. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the relative fluorescence intensity of PINK1 in the HG 12h group was higher than that in the NG 12h, NG 48h, and HG 48h groups (Fig. 3b). This result was further confirmed by western blotting using a specific antibody against PINK1 (Fig. 3c).

The results from Fig. 3 suggested that PINK1-mediated mitophagy might be compromised by stimulation of HG in hGECs. Moreover, we found that HG triggered PINK1-dependent mitophagy at 12h.

Effect of PINK1 silencing on MMP and apoptosis in hGECs

The ShRNA lentiviral vector with PINK1 gene silencing was constructed and transfected into hGECs. As shown in Fig. 4a, PINK1 protein expression in the ShPINK1 group was significantly lower than that of its negative empty vector ShNC. Moreover, ShPINK1 caused a loss of MMP both in the NG 12h-ShPINK1 group and HG 12h-ShPINK1 group, as shown by the loss of the red signal and increased green signal (Fig. 4b). In addition, the JC-1 red/green fluorescence intensity ratio was decreased in HG 12h-shPINK1 cells compared with NG 12h-shPINK1 cells (Fig. 4c).

We further explored the role of PINK1-mediated mitophagy of cells in HG 12h. As expected, the results showed that caspase 9 expression was elevated in the HG 12h-ShPINK1 group (Fig. 4d). Furthermore, the percentage of apoptotic cells in the HG 12h-ShPINK1 group was higher than that of HG 12h-ShNC and NG 12h-ShPINK1 (Fig. 4e,f).

The present study demonstrated that with increasing culture time of HG, there is a substancial rise in mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, as evidenced by increased TNUEL-positive cells, caspase 9 and reduced MMP. Cells in the early stage of HG 12h exhibited an adaptive increase in PINK1 expression, whereas cells in the later stage of HG 48h displayed attenuated expression of PINK1. Consistent with our research, Bhansali et al. found that mitophagy-related markers of monocytes in prediabetic patients increased, while the corresponding indicators in patients with advanced diabetes decreased [22]. Our assumption of the important role of mitophagy in HG-induced apoptosis in GECs is verified by the results that downregulate PINK1 in GECs aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction and thus further apoptosis, suggesting the crucial role of PINK1 in the protective role of mitophagy in HG-induced pathologic apoptosis in GECs.

Besides its pathologic roles in cardiovascular, retinal, and renal disorders [23–25], hyperglycemia is also considered as one of the most important risk factors in the development of periodontitis [26]. However, it is still difficult to evaluate the effect of hyperglycemia on apoptosis in DMPD due to the discrepancy of previous studies. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured in different concentrations of glucose to induce apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner [27]. In another study, 11 and 22mmol/L glucose suppressed proliferation and increased apoptosis of human periodontal endothelial cells [28]. In our study, 15mmol/L glucose has no significant effect on apoptosis in hGECs. According to the TUNEL and caspase 9 results, the lowest concentration of glucose to induce apoptosis in hGECs was 25 mmol/L.

Mitochondria are considered pivotal organelles in intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Mitochondrial membrane fission is an important manifestation of mitochondrial damage. The number of bilayer membrane vacuoles in retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) increases significantly under high glucose (30mmol/L). In addition, the fact that the number of autophagosomes, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and the expression levels of PARKIN, PINK1, BNIP3L, and LC3-II were significantly increased suggested that mitophagy occurred [29]. In this study, increased LC3II, PINK1 and down-regulated P62 levels were detected in HG 12h. Intriguingly, MMP depolarization also occurred at 12h. It showed that the loss of MMP at 12h was an early manifestation of apoptosis. After HG stimulation persisted for 48h, the MMP transition pore was irreversibly opened, which resulted in MMP loss and outer membrane rupture. Finally, the cells entered an irreversible apoptotic state. Since mitochondrial dysfunction precedes morphologic alterations, it would permit an early treatment with DMPD.

Mitophagy is considered an important mechanism that controls mitochondrial quality [30]. There is a growing number of evidence indicating that mitophagy increased in various DM-related complications [12, 13, 31]. PINK1/parkin-induced mitophagy is one of the crucial mechanisms through which autophagy reduces the tendency of cells to undergo apoptosis. Although most studies have focused on the PINK1/parkin pathway under high glucose stimulation, other mitophagy pathways have also been involved [32, 33]. Huang et al reported that high glucose increased the number of autophagosomes and the expression of BNIP3L to protect against morphological changes and ROS generation in retinal pigment epithelial cells [29]. Our present study demonstrated that high glucose stimulated PINK1 expression but not FOUNDC or NIX. These results might indicate that high glucose triggered mitophagy in hGECs cells in a PINK1-dependent manner.

In recent years, it has been reported that mitophagy is closely related to apoptosis, and the relationship between them has attracted widespread attention. Platelets in diabetic patients showed increased ROS production, impaired mitochondria and increased biomarkers of apoptosis. After exposure to the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, almost all platelets lost MMP and increased annexin V apoptosis. Similar results were obtained in Parkin-/- mice [12]. Onphachanh et al. used siRNA to inhibit PINK1 gene expression in a high glucose microenvironment. The results showed that mitochondrial ROS generation and apoptotic protein expression were significantly up-regulated [34]. Many studies have shown that PINK1-dependent mitophagy plays an anti-apoptotic protective role; however, not all evidence is consistent with this conclusion. Tsuda et al. revealed the pathological role of autophagy in periodontitis, in which inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine attenuated butyrate-induced cell death in the gingival epithelial cell line (Ca9-22) [35]. Obviously, the present study highlighted loss of the PINK1 gene increase sensitivity of hGECs to apoptosis under short-term high glucose conditions. It should be noted that 25 mmol/L glucose induced an increase in PINK1 at 12h and a decline at 48h. The differences in the results may be attributed to the fact that enhanced mitophagy is an early response to promote survival by removing damaged mitochondria. When external stimuli are enhanced and mitophagy is disrupted, pro-apoptotic proteins are excessively released and apoptosis is ultimately activated. Therefore, in the process of HG-induced mitophagy, future research will focus on monitoring the degree of mitophagy, tracking the state of mitophagy, and maintaining mitophagy at an adaptive level.

In the present study, we demonstrate that the loss of PINK1 gene increase sensitivity of hGECs to apoptosis under short-term HG conditions. An “adaptive” increase in mitophagy at HG 12h may delay progression to apoptosis. Down-regulation of PINK1 could accelerate the apoptosis of hGECs. We speculated that in diabetic patients, low expression of PINK1 gene is closely related to the high risk of periodontitis. PINK1-mediated mitophagy might provide a new target for rescuing HG-induced apoptosis in hGECs to meet the needs of therapy for DMPD at the early stage.

DM: Diabetes mellitus; GECs: Gingival epithelial cells; DMPD: Diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis; MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential; PINK1: PTEN-induced putative kinase 1; BNIP3: Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3; NIX: Nip-like protein X; FUNDC1: Fun14 Domain containing 1; HG: High glucose; qRT-PCR: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; TUNEL: TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling; NG: Normal glucose; DAPI: 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; LSCM: Laser scanning confocal microscope; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81901019 and 82071078), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (xtr012019007), the Key Industrial Innovation Chain Project in Social development Domain of Shaanxi key research and development program (2020ZDLSF02-04), the Social Development Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (2021SF-049).

Authors’ contribution

Conceptualization and methodology: CHZ, YZ, JYS, AL; Investigation: ZBL, JL, YL; Statistical Analysis: YZ, DDP; Writing—Original Draft Preparation: CHZ, DDP; Writing—Review and Editing: CHZ, YZ, DDP, ZBL, JL, YL, SCY, LYM, JYS, AL; Supervision and Project Administration: CHZ, DDP, JYS, AL; All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

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PINK1 Mediated Mitophagy Attenuates Early Apoptosis of Gingival Epithelial Cells Induced by High Glucose

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Abstract

Figures

Background

Methods

Study design

Cell culture

TUNEL assay

Western blotting

MMP

QRT-PCR

Immunofluorescence

Lentivirus transfection of PINK1

Flow cytometric analysis

Statistical analysis

Results

Establishment of a stable model of HG-induced apoptosis of hGECs

Effect of HG on autophagy in hGECs.

Effect of HG on PINK1-mediated mitophagy in hGECs

Effect of PINK1 silencing on MMP and apoptosis in hGECs

Discussion

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1