1 Bawaskar, H. S. Snake bite poisoning: a neglected life-threatening occupational hazard. Indian J Crit Care Med18, 123-124, doi:10.4103/0972-5229.128698 (2014).
2 Gutiérrez, J. M. et al. Snakebite envenoming. Nature Reviews Disease Primers3, 1-21 (2017).
3 Williams, D. J. et al. Strategy for a globally coordinated response to a priority neglected tropical disease: Snakebite envenoming. PLoS neglected tropical diseases13, e0007059, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007059 (2019).
4 WHO. Snakebite envenoming: a strategy for prevention and control. (2019).
5 Warrell, D. A. Snake bite. The Lancet375, 77-88 (2010).
6 Bolon, I. et al. Snakebite in domestic animals: first global scoping review. Preventive veterinary medicine170, 104729 (2019).
7 Babo Martins, S. et al. Snakebite and its impact in rural communities: The need for a One Health approach. PLoS neglected tropical diseases13, e0007608, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007608 (2019).
8 LIVESTOCK STATISTICS OF NEPAL 2016/17 (2073/74). (Ministry of Agriculture, Land Management and Cooperatives, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal, 2018).
9 STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK OF NEPAL - 2017. (Central Bureau of Statistics, Ramshahpath, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2018).
10 Chaudhary, S., Singh, S., Chaudhary, N. & Mahato, S. Snake-bite in Nepal. Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences2, 45-53 (2014).
11 Alcoba, G. et al. Snakebite epidemiology in humans and domestic animals across Nepal's Terai: a multi-cluster random survey. Preprint at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3867686 (2021).
12 Bolon, I. et al. What is the impact of snakebite envenoming on domestic animals? A nation-wide community-based study in Nepal and Cameroon. Toxicon: X, 100068, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100068 (2021).
13 Zacarias, D. & Loyola, R. Climate change impacts on the distribution of venomous snakes and snakebite risk in Mozambique. Climatic Change152, 195-207 (2019).
14 Yousefi, M., Kafash, A., Khani, A. & Nabati, N. Applying species distribution models in public health research by predicting snakebite risk using venomous snakes’ habitat suitability as an indicating factor. Scientific reports10, 1-11 (2020).
15 Yañez-Arenas, C., Díaz-Gamboa, L., Patrón-Rivero, C., López-Reyes, K. & Chiappa-Carrara, X. Estimating geographic patterns of ophidism risk in Ecuador. Neotropical Biodiversity4, 55-61 (2018).
16 Longbottom, J. et al. Vulnerability to snakebite envenoming: a global mapping of hotspots. The Lancet392, 673-684, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31224-8 (2018).
17 Yañez-Arenas, C., Peterson, A. T., Rodríguez-Medina, K. & Barve, N. Mapping current and future potential snakebite risk in the new world. Climatic change134, 697-711 (2016).
18 Utazi, C. E. et al. High resolution age-structured mapping of childhood vaccination coverage in low and middle income countries. Vaccine36, 1583-1591 (2018).
19 Bosco, C. et al. Exploring the high-resolution mapping of gender-disaggregated development indicators. Journal of The Royal Society Interface14, 20160825 (2017).
20 Rahman, R. et al. Annual incidence of snake bite in rural Bangladesh. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases4, e860 (2010).
21 Ediriweera, D. S. et al. Mapping the risk of snakebite in Sri Lanka - a national survey with geospatial analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases10, e0004813, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004813 (2016).
22 Sharma, S. K. et al. Impact of snake bites and determinants of fatal outcomes in southeastern nepal. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene71, 234–238 (2004).
23 Magar, C. T. et al. A hospital based epidemiological study of snakebite in Western Development Region, Nepal. Toxicon69, 98-102 (2013).
24 Sharma, S. K., Khanalb, B., Pokhrelc, P., Khana, A. & Koirala, S. Snakebite-reappraisal of the situation in Eastern Nepal. Toxicon41, 285–289 (2003).
25 in WHO NTD department 28 (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2017).
26 Alcoba, G. et al. Novel transdisciplinary methodology for cross-sectional analysis of snakebite epidemiology at national scale. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases15, e0009023, doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009023 (2021).
27 Schreiner, M. PPI scorecard for Nepal, <https://www.povertyindex.org/country/nepal> (2010).
28 Kennedy, C. M., Oakleaf, J. R., Theobald, D. M., Baruch-Mordo, S. & Kiesecker, J. Managing the middle: a shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient. Global Change Biology25, 811-826 (2019).
29 Gilbert, M. et al. Global distribution data for cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and ducks in 2010. Scientific data5, 1-11 (2018).
30 Harrison, R. A., Hargreaves, A., Wagstaff, S. C., Faragher, B. & Lalloo, D. G. Snake envenoming: a disease of poverty. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases3, e569, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000569 (2009).
31 Chaves, L. F., Chuang, T.-W., Sasa, M. & Gutiérrez, J. M. Snakebites are associated with poverty, weather fluctuations, and El Niño. Science advances1, e1500249 (2015).
32 Gutiérrez, J. M. Snakebite envenoming from an Ecohealth perspective. Toxicon: X7, 100043 (2020).
33 Bawaskar, H. & Bawaskar, P. Profile of snakebite envenoming in western Maharashtra, India. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene96, 79-84 (2002).
34 Saluba Bawaskar, H. & Himmatrao Bawaskar, P. Envenoming by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Asian cobra (Naja naja): clinical manifestations and their management in a rural setting. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine15, 257-266, doi:https://doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2004)015[0257:EBTCKB]2.0.CO;2 (2004).
35 Chappuis, F., Sharma, S. K., Jha, N., Loutan, L. & Bovier, P. A. Protection against snake bites by sleeping under a bed net in southeastern Nepal. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene77, 197-199 (2007).
36 Southwood, A. & Avens, L. Physiological, behavioral, and ecological aspects of migration in reptiles. Journal of Comparative Physiology B180, 1-23, doi:10.1007/s00360-009-0415-8 (2010).
37 WHO. Guidelines for the management of snake-bites. (World Health Organization, 2010).
38 Molesworth, A. M., Harrison, R., David, R., Theakston, G. & Lalloo, D. G. Geographic Information System mapping of snakebite incidence in northern Ghana and Nigeria using environmental indicators: a preliminary study. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene97, 188-192 (2003).
39 Schneider, M. C. et al. Overview of snakebite in Brazil: possible drivers and a tool for risk mapping. PLoS neglected tropical diseases15, e0009044 (2021).
40 Macartney, J. M., Larsen, K. W. & Gregory, P. T. Body temperatures and movements of hibernating snakes (Crotalus and Thamnophis) and thermal gradients of natural hibernacula. Canadian Journal of Zoology67, 108-114 (1989).
41 Sperry, J. H. & Weatherhead, P. J. Prey‐mediated effects of drought on condition and survival of a terrestrial snake. Ecology89, 2770-2776 (2008).
42 Brown, G. P. & Shine, R. Rain, prey and predators: climatically driven shifts in frog abundance modify reproductive allometry in a tropical snake. Oecologia154, 361-368 (2007).
43 Hansson, E., Sasa, M., Mattisson, K., Robles, A. & Gutierrez, J. M. Using geographical information systems to identify populations in need of improved accessibility to antivenom treatment for snakebite envenoming in Costa Rica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis7, e2009, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002009 (2013).
44 Roll, U. et al. The global distribution of tetrapods reveals a need for targeted reptile conservation. Nature Ecology & Evolution1, 1677-1682 (2017).
45 Luiselli, L., Sale, L., Akani, G. C. & Amori, G. Venomous snake abundance within snake species’ assemblages Worldwide. Diversity12, 69 (2020).
46 Pintor, A. F. et al. Addressing the global snakebite crisis with geo-spatial analyses–Recent advances and future direction. Toxicon: X, 100076 (2021).
47 Joshi, V., Alam, S. & Dimri, U. Snake bites in farm animals: a field guide. Indian Dairyman (2018). <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323225477_Snake_Bites_in_Farm_Animals_A_Field_Guide>.
48 WorldPop. Global high resolution population denominators project funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1134076). School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton; Department of Geography and Geosciences, University of Louisville; Departement de Geographie, Universite de Namur, and Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University (2018), doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/WP00675 (2020).
49 United Nations Department of Economic and social Affairs, P. D. World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision, <https://population.un.org/wup/Country-Profiles/> (2018).
50 Kasturiratne, A. et al. The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths. PLoS Med5, e218, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050218 (2008).
51 Chippaux, J. P. Estimate of the burden of snakebites in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analytic approach. Toxicon57, 586-599, doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.12.022 (2011).
52 R: A language and environment for statistical computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2020).
53 QGIS Geographic Information System v. 3.16.4 (QGIS Development Team, 2021).
54 Rue, H., Martino, S. & Chopin, N. Approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models by using integrated nested Laplace approximations. Journal of the royal statistical society: Series b (statistical methodology)71, 319-392 (2009).
55 Utazi, C. E. et al. A spatial regression model for the disaggregation of areal unit based data to high-resolution grids with application to vaccination coverage mapping. Statistical Methods in Medical Research28, 3226-3241 (2019).
56 Lindgren, F., Rue, H. & Lindström, J. An explicit link between Gaussian fields and Gaussian Markov random fields: the stochastic partial differential equation approach. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)73, 423-498 (2011).
57 Moraga, P. Geospatial Health Data: Modeling and Visualization with R-INLA and Shiny. (CRC Press, 2019).
58 Lindgren, F. & Rue, H. Bayesian spatial modelling with R-INLA. Journal of Statistical Software63, 1-25 (2015).
59 Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. WorldClim 2: new 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International journal of climatology37, 4302-4315 (2017).
60 Moraga, P. et al. Modelling the distribution and transmission intensity of lymphatic filariasis in sub-Saharan Africa prior to scaling up interventions: integrated use of geostatistical and mathematical modelling. Parasites & vectors8, 1-16 (2015).
61 Watanabe, S. & Opper, M. Asymptotic equivalence of Bayes cross validation and widely applicable information criterion in singular learning theory. Journal of machine learning research11 (2010).
62 Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N. & Saveliev, A. A. Beginner’s Guide to Spatial, Temporal, and Spatial-Temporal Ecological Data Analysis with R-INLA. Vol. 1 (Highland Statistics Ltd, 2017).
63 Ramm, F. et al. OpenStreetMap data in layered GIS format. Version 0.67 (2014).