The present paper examines the childhood mortality differential among urban poor and rural India using data from two rounds of National Family Health Survey Conducted in 2005-06 and 2015-16. Concentration index (CI), and cox regression were applied to address the research problem. Furthermore predicted probability was used to identify the potential predictors of infant and child mortality after adjusting the predictor variables. The findings suggest a decreasing trend in in infant mortality and child mortality both urban poor and rural India during this period. The economic inequalities respect to child mortality is higher in urban poor than in rural India. Hazard regression suggested that higher risk of child mortality in urban areas, due to poverty, low female literacy, low coverage antenatal care and safe delivery in the community. Even after controlling the possible bio-demographic variables, the study reveals that percentage declined mortality in rural areas higher than the urban poor but inequality is more widened in urban poor in India. The health program should be initiatives a major role to reducing infant and child mortality rates for both urban poor and rural India.