Table 1. Characteristics of Participants According to Body Mass Index - Metabolic Health Status at Baseline.
Variables
|
Metabolically healthy (n=19803)
|
Metabolically unhealthy (n=17377)
|
P-value
|
Normal weight
|
Over weight
|
Obese
|
Normal weight
|
Over weight
|
Obese
|
n (%)
|
10295 (27.69)
|
7171 (19.29)
|
2337 (6.29)
|
4253 (11.44)
|
8314 (22.36)
|
4810 (12.94)
|
|
Age, years
|
52.27 ± 11.98
|
54.86 ± 11.54
|
53.94 ± 12.01
|
58.86 ± 11.74
|
59.00 ± 10.78
|
57.73 ± 11.11
|
<0.001
|
Male, n (%)
|
5715 (55.51)
|
5230 (72.93)
|
1777 (76.04)
|
3097 (72.82)
|
6634 (79.79)
|
3874 (80.54)
|
<0.001
|
High school or above, n (%)
|
4646 (45.17)
|
2750 (38.42)
|
854 (36.62)
|
1311 (30.88)
|
2570 (30.99)
|
1525 (31.75)
|
<0.001
|
Average income ≥ ¥1000/month, n (%)
|
5706 (59.82)
|
3916 (58.62)
|
1204 (54.85)
|
2461 (61.42)
|
4800 (61.66)
|
2818 (62.25)
|
<0.001
|
Current smoker, n (%)
|
2928 (28.46)
|
2393 (33.41)
|
778 (33.36)
|
1573 (37.03)
|
3137 (37.78)
|
1759 (36.59)
|
<0.001
|
Current alcoholic, n (%)
|
3178 (30.90)
|
2701 (37.71)
|
906 (38.85)
|
1688 (39.74)
|
3558 (42.85)
|
1950 (40.57)
|
<0.001
|
Physical activity ≥ 3 times/week, n (%)
|
1290 (12.54)
|
1058 (14.78)
|
317 (13.59)
|
634 (14.94)
|
1349 (16.26)
|
683 (14.22)
|
<0.001
|
Salt intake ≥12 g/day, n (%)
|
909 (8.84)
|
723 (10.10)
|
229 (9.82)
|
485 (11.43)
|
963 (11.61)
|
661 (13.76)
|
<0.001
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
21.71 ± 1.45
|
25.72 ± 1.12
|
30.11 ± 2.17
|
22.30 ± 1.27
|
25.97 ± 1.13
|
30.30 ± 2.18
|
<0.001
|
WC, cm
|
79.49 ± 8.20
|
87.45 ± 7.74
|
93.39 ± 9.90
|
83.88 ± 8.40
|
90.13 ± 7.85
|
97.29 ± 9.44
|
<0.001
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
117.33 ± 15.70
|
122.82 ± 16.16
|
94.27 ± 9.40
|
134.99 ± 17.11
|
137.01 ± 16.74
|
139.26 ± 16.58
|
<0.001
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
77.29 ± 9.47
|
80.92 ± 9.61
|
83.46 ± 10.45
|
86.28 ± 10.02
|
88.05 ± 9.89
|
90.36 ± 10.08
|
<0.001
|
Fasting glucose, mmol/L
|
5.05 ± 0.81
|
5.16 ± 0.91
|
5.15 ± 0.88
|
6.18 ± 1.79
|
6.35 ± 1.93
|
6.44 ± 1.97
|
<0.001
|
Total cholesterol, mmol/L
|
4.78 ± 1.35
|
4.87 ± 1.25
|
4.86 ± 0.86
|
5.20 ± 1.72
|
5.21 ± 1.17
|
5.19 ± 1.03
|
<0.001
|
Triglycerides, mmol/L
|
1.08 ± 0.62
|
1.29 ± 0.76
|
1.35 ± 0.75
|
2.04 ± 1.44
|
2.30 ± 1.50
|
2.45 ± 1.48
|
<0.001
|
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L
|
2.42 ± 0.77
|
2.57 ± 0.85
|
2.60 ± 0.71
|
2.69 ± 1.44
|
2.72 ± 0.91
|
2.72 ± 1.13
|
<0.001
|
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L
|
1.66 ± 0.46
|
1.57 ± 0.41
|
1.51 ± 0.38
|
1.53 ± 0.49
|
1.46 ± 0.45
|
1.41 ± 0.42
|
<0.001
|
CRP, mg/L
|
1.53 ± 3.65
|
2.02 ± 4.86
|
2.57 ± 5.50
|
2.19 ± 4.85
|
2.42 ± 4.18
|
3.05 ± 6.01
|
<0.001
|
Hypertension, n (%)
|
490 (4.76)
|
619 (8.63)
|
279 (11.94)
|
898 (21.11)
|
2319 (27.89)
|
1574 (32.72)
|
<0.001
|
Hypertension medication, n (%)
|
360 (3.50)
|
443 (6.18)
|
208 (8.90)
|
674 (15.85)
|
1763 (21.21)
|
1214 (25.24)
|
<0.001
|
Diabetes, n (%)
|
89 (0.86)
|
109 (1.52)
|
27 (1.16)
|
367 (8.63)
|
973 (11.70)
|
532 (11.06)
|
<0.001
|
Diabetes medication, n (%)
|
69 (0.67)
|
82 (1.14)
|
20 (0.86)
|
303 (7.12)
|
760 (9.14)
|
418 (8.69)
|
<0.001
|
Dyslipidemia, n (%)
|
134 (1.30)
|
138 (1.92)
|
39 (1.67)
|
407 (9.57)
|
1023 (12.30)
|
7.04 (14.64)
|
<0.001
|
Dyslipidemia medication, n (%)
|
36 (0.35)
|
24 (0.33)
|
14 (0.60)
|
129 (3.03)
|
321 (3.86)
|
258 (5.36)
|
<0.001
|
History of MI
|
36 (0.35)
|
54 (0.51)
|
12 (0.51)
|
50 (1.18)
|
115 (1.39)
|
91 (1.89)
|
<0.001
|
History of stroke
|
62 (0.60)
|
56 (0.73)
|
17 (0.73)
|
80 (1.88)
|
189 (2.28)
|
84 (1.75)
|
<0.001
|
Values are (%) for categorical variables and mean ± SD or median (IQR) for continuous variables; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumstance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein.
Table 2. Odds Ratios and 95% CI for Risk of baPWV ≥ 1400 cm/s According to the Body Mass Index – Metabolic Health Status.
|
MH-NW
|
MH-OW
|
MHO
|
MUH-NW
|
MUH-OW
|
MUHO
|
baPWV ≥ 1400 cm/s, n (%)
|
4463 (43.35)
|
3971 (55.38)
|
1361 (58.24)
|
3262 (76.70)
|
6569 (79.01)
|
3693 (76.78)
|
Univariate analysis
|
Ref.
|
1.62 (1.53,1.72)
|
1.82 (1.66,2.00)
|
4.30 (3.97,4.66)
|
4.92 (4.61,5.25)
|
4.32 (4.00,4.67)
|
Multivariate analysis
|
Model 1
|
Ref.
|
1.22 (1.14,1.30)
|
1.48 (1.34,1.64)
|
2.79 (2.55,3.05)
|
2.85 (2.65,3.07)
|
2.73 (2.51,2.98)
|
Model 2
|
Ref.
|
1.22 (1.14,1.30)
|
1.47 (1.33,1.63)
|
2.78 (2.54,3.05)
|
2.86 (2.66,3.07)
|
2.73 (2.52,2.99)
|
Model 3
|
Ref.
|
1.21 (1.13,1.30)
|
1.45 (1.31,1.61)
|
2.76 (2.52,3.02)
|
2.82 (2.62,3.04)
|
2.68 (2.46,2.92)
|
Data are OR (95% CI) unless otherwise stated.
MH-NW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MH-OW, metabolically healthy overweight; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MU-NW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MU-OW, metabolically unhealthy overweight; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese.
Model 1 adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2 adjusted for variates in model 1 plus educational level, average income, smoking, drinking, physical activity, sodium intake, history of myocardial infarction, and history of stroke.
Model 3 adjusted for variates in model 2 plus C-reactive protein.
Table 3. Risk of baPWV According to the Body Mass Index – Metabolic Health Status.
|
MH-NW
|
MH-OW
|
MHO
|
MUH-NW
|
MUH-OW
|
MUHO
|
baPWV, m/s
|
14.28 ± 3.25
|
15.01 ± 3.22
|
15.15 ± 3.22
|
16.97 ± 4.05
|
17.03 ± 3.81
|
16.61 ± 3.46
|
Univariate analysis
|
Ref.
|
0.74 (0.64,0.85)
|
0.88 (0.72,1.03)
|
2.69 (2.57,2.83)
|
2.76 (2.66,2.86)
|
2.33 (2.21,2.45)
|
Multivariate analysis
|
Model 1
|
Ref.
|
0.16 (0.07,0.25)
|
0.39 (0.26,0.53)
|
1.53 (1.43,1.65)
|
1.49 (1.41,1.59)
|
1.24 (1.14,1.35)
|
Model 2
|
Ref.
|
0.16 (0.06,0.25)
|
0.37 (0.24,0.51)
|
1.52 (1.41,1.62)
|
1.48 (1.41,1.57)
|
1.23 (1.12,1.33)
|
Model 3
|
Ref.
|
0.14 (0.05,0.24)
|
0.35 (0.21,0.49)
|
1.50 (1.39,1.61)
|
1.46 (1.37,1.55)
|
1.19 (1.09,1.30)
|
Data are β - coefficients (95% CI) unless otherwise stated.
MH-NW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MH-OW, metabolically healthy overweight; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MU-NW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MU-OW, metabolically unhealthy overweight; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese.
Model 1 adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2 adjusted for variates in model 1 plus educational level, average income, smoking, drinking, physical activity, sodium intake, history of myocardial infarction, and history of stroke.
Model 3 adjusted for variates in model 2 plus C-reactive protein.
Table 4. Risk of Change of baPWV According to the Body Mass Index – Metabolic Health Status.
|
MH-NW
(n=5036)
|
MH-OW
(n=3244)
|
MHO
(n=993)
|
MUH-NW
(n=1671)
|
MUH-OW
(n=3398)
|
MUHO
(n=1894)
|
Change of baPWV, m/s
|
0.35
(-0.53,1.35)
|
0.42
(-0.55,1.52)
|
0.36
(-0.76,1.53)
|
0.43
(-0.82,1.87)
|
0.31
(-0.92,1.70)
|
0.40
(-0.85,1.79)
|
Univariate analysis
|
Ref.
|
0.27 (0.16,0.38)
|
0.24 (0.07,0.41)
|
0.66 (0.52,0.80)
|
0.64 (0.52,0.75)
|
0.62 (0.48,0.75)
|
Multivariate analysis
|
Model 1
|
Ref.
|
0.14 (0.04,0.25)
|
0.19 (0.03,0.36)
|
0.52 (0.38,0.66)
|
0.46 (0.34,0.57)
|
0.49 (0.36,0.62)
|
Model 2
|
Ref.
|
0.14 (0.04,0.25)
|
0.19 (0.02,0.35)
|
0.52 (0.38,0.65)
|
0.45 (0.35,0.57)
|
0.49 (0.36,0.62)
|
Model 3
|
Ref.
|
0.14 (0.04,0.25)
|
0.18 (0.02,0.35)
|
0.51 (0.38,0.65)
|
0.46 (0.35,0.57)
|
0.49 (0.36,0.62)
|
Data are β - coefficients (95% CI) unless otherwise stated.
MH-NW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MH-OW, metabolically healthy overweight; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MU-NW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MU-OW, metabolically unhealthy overweight; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese.
Model 1 adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2 adjusted for variates in model 1 plus educational level, average income, smoking, drinking, physical activity, sodium intake, history of myocardial infarction, and history of stroke.
Model 3 adjusted for variates in model 2 plus C-reactive protein.
Table 5. Odds Ratios and 95% CI for Risk of New Occurrence of baPWV Abnormality (baPWV≥ 1400 cm/s) According to the Body Mass Index – Metabolic Health Status.
|
MH-NW
|
MH-OW
|
MHO
|
MUH-NW
|
MUH-OW
|
MUHO
|
baPWV ≥ 1400 cm/s, n (%)
|
545(16.74)
|
565(27.80)
|
136(27.87)
|
174(38.16)
|
313(38.83)
|
230(44.23)
|
Univariate analysis
|
Ref.
|
1.92 (1.66,2.20)
|
1.92 (1.54,2.39)
|
3.07 (2.49,3.79)
|
3.16 (2.67,3.73)
|
3.94 (3.24,4.80)
|
Multivariate analysis
|
Model 1
|
Ref.
|
1.56 (1.35,1.81)
|
1.61 (1.28,2.02)
|
2.45 (1.97,3.05)
|
2.15 (1.80,2.57)
|
2.74 (2.23,3.37)
|
Model 2
|
Ref.
|
1.57 (1.36,1.82)
|
1.60 (1.28,2.01)
|
2.48 (1.99,3.08)
|
2.17 (1.81,2.59)
|
2.77 (2.25,2.40)
|
Model 3
|
Ref.
|
1.57 (1.35,1.82)
|
1.60 (1.27,2.01)
|
2.47 (1.98,3.08)
|
2.16 (1.81,2.59)
|
2.76 (2.24,3.40)
|
Data are OR (95% CI) unless otherwise stated.
MH-NW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MH-OW, metabolically healthy overweight; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MU-NW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MU-OW, metabolically unhealthy overweight; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese.
Model 1 adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2 adjusted for variates in model 1 plus educational level, average income, smoking,drinking, physical activity, sodium intake, history of myocardial infarction, and history of stroke.
Model 3 adjusted for variates in model 2 plus C-reactive protein.
Table 6. Odds Ratio and 95% CI for Risk of baPWV≥ 1400 cm/s According to the Body Mass Index Stratified by Different Metabolic Health Status.
|
Normal weight
|
Overweight
|
Obese
|
P for interaction
|
Baseline of baPWV ≥ 1400 cm/s, n (%)
|
MH
|
Ref.
|
1.18 (1.10,1.27)
|
1.42 (1.28,1.58)
|
<0.0001
|
MUH
|
Ref.
|
1.05 (0.95,1.15)
|
0.99 (0.89,1.10)
|
|
New occurrence of baPWV ≥ 1400 cm/s, n (%)
|
MH
|
Ref.
|
1.52 (1.31,1.76)
|
1.54 (1.23,1.94)
|
0.0003
|
MUH
|
Ref.
|
0.95 (0.74,1.21)
|
1.20 (0.92,1.56)
|
|
Data are OR (95% CI) unless otherwise stated.
MH, metabolically healthy; MUH, metabolically unhealthy.
Adjusted for age, sex, educational level, average income, smoking,drinking, physical activity, sodium intake, history of myocardial infarction, history of stroke, and C-reactive protein.