αs2-casein is a primary milk protein. However, there has been little research focused on the effects of αs2-casein variants on milk. The αs2-casein (CSN1S2) play a major protein found in ruminant’s milk, which is encoded by a highly polymorphic CSN1S2 gene present on chromosome 6. Research work was carried out on 50 animals each of Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF Crossbred cattle at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. The αS2 casein gene (1267 bp) was digested by EcoRV restriction enzyme yielding two genotypes viz., AA (1267 bp) and BB (1267/1150/117 bp) in Malvi, Nimari and HF crossbred cattle, while only one genotype (AA) in Sahiwal. The restriction site was absent in Sahiwal resulting in only single compact band of 1267 bp. The tested animals of Sahiwal were found monomorphic at this locus. Association study of different genotypes with milk composition traits revealed that the mean lactose % was significantly higher in Malvi compared to others for AB genotype animals as compared to AA genotype. The mean SNF % between AA and AB was found non-significant in Malvi, Nimari and HF crossbred. The mean milk density (kg/L) was significantly higher for AB genotype than AA genotype of Nimari and HF crossbred. The mean milk density (kg/L) was observed maximum in Nimari for AB genotype and minimum in Malvi and Sahiwal for AA genotype. The genotypic and gene frequencies of αS2-casein gene (CSN1S2)/EcoRV locus pattern showed that the frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes were found to be 0.44, 0.56 and 0.00 in Malvi; 0.68, 0.32 and 0.00 in Nimari; 1.00, 0.00, and 0.00 in Sahiwal and 0.58, 0.42 and 0.00 in HF crossbred, respectively. The frequency of A allele was found to be highest as compared to B allele in all the four breeds of cattle under the study.
Research Article
Association Studies of Different Genetic Variants of αS2-casein Gene (CSN1S2) With Milk Production Traits (Lactose, SNF&Density) in Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal & HF Crossbred Cattle
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-984891/v1
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αS2 Casein genes are highly polymorphic and the high degree of variability has qualitative and quantitative effects on milk composition thereby affecting chemical, physical and technological properties of goat milk. The aim of this work was to evaluate the genetic polymorphisms of the αs2-casein (CSN1S2) gene and its association with different milk production traits in Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF Crossbred cattle. Caseins are the main protein component of milk. In bovine species the entire casein gene cluster region spans about 250 kb on chromosome 6 (Hayes et al., 1993). Casein genes are highly polymorphic and the high degree of variability, together with post-translational modifications and differential splicing patterns, has qualitative and quantitative effects on milk composition. In cattle, at least 39 variants of the 4 casein proteins (αS1-, β-, αS2- and κ-casein) have been described to date. Many of these variants are known to affect milk-production traits, cheese-processing properties, and the nutritive value of milk. They also provide valuable information for phylogenetic studies. So far, the majority of studies exploring the genetic variability of bovine caseins considered European taurine cattle breeds and were carried out at the protein level by electrophoretic techniques. This only allows the identification of variants that, due to amino acid exchanges, differ in their electric charge, molecular weight, or isoelectric point.
2.1 Collection of milk samples with economic traits
About 100ml milk sample was collected from each of the above 200 cattle. The milk samples brought to the laboratory, maintaining cold chain and then Lactose (%), SNF (%) and Milk density (Kg/L) were determined.
2.2 Estimation of Lactose (%), SNF (%) and Milk density (Kg/L)
The Lactose (%), SNF (%) and Milk density (Kg/L) were analyzed by Milk analyzer of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Jabalpur.
2.3 Blood Collection
5 ml blood sample was collected in EDTA coated vaccutainer aseptically from 50 animals of each of the four breeds viz. Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle and brought to the laboratory, maintaining cold chain then processed for DNA isolation.
2.4 Genomic DNA isolation:
Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood as per the method described by John et al. (1991) with minor modifications.
2.5 Agarose gel electrophoresis:
Quality of DNA was assessed through 0.80% horizontal submarine agarose gel electrophoresis.
2.6 Concentration, purity and quality check of DNA
The concentration, purity and quality of DNA were checked by Nanodrop spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis.
2.7 Spectrophotometry
The concentration, purity of DNA was checked by Nanodrop Spectrophotometer. The Optical density (OD) value at 260 nm and 280 nm was measured using Nanodrop Spectrophotometer (Nanodrop 1000, Thermo Scientific). DNA samples with an OD 260/280 ratio of 1.70 to 1.90 were considered further subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis for quality check. The DNA concentration was determined and samples were diluted up to approximate 30 ng/µl for final concentration with sterile nuclease free water (MiliQ) for further use.
2.8 Casein gene primer sequence:
The αS2-casein gene primers (F): 5’-TATGACATGTCGAGAAATGAG-3’
(R): 5’-TTGGAACAATGCTATTAGGT T- 3’1267 bp (Szymanowska et al. 2003) was used for the amplification of PCR product.
2.9 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.9.1. Setting of PCR Reaction
The PCR tubes were kept in a preprogrammed thermo cycler (Mastercycler gradient, Eppendorf) and set at the standardized reaction programme. Initial denaturation (5 minutes) and final denaturation(1 minute) temp. Was 940C 600C anniling temp.( 1 min.) Was 600C where extension(1 minute) and final extension(5 minutes) temp. was 720C
2.9.2 Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR reaction product
To confirm the targeted PCR amplification the PCR products were analyzed on 2.00 % agarose gel. The mass ruler DNA ladder (100 bp- 1000 bp) as a molecular size marker was used for sizing of the DNA bands.
2.10 PCR- RFLP Assay
2.10.1 Restriction digestion:
All the PCR products of αs2 casein gene were digested by EcoRV restriction enzymes. The reaction mixture was spanned for few seconds for uniform mixing and then incubated at 37°C for 3 hrs in the water bath.
2.10.2 Agarose gel electrophoresis of digested PCR products:
Digested PCR products were analyzed on 2.50 % agarose gel (5 µl of PCR product mixed with 1 µl of gel loading dye). The mass ruler DNA ladder (100 bp- 1000 bp) as a molecular size marker was used for sizing of the DNA bands.
2.11 Sequencing:
Sequencing of amplicon was done for the confirmation of genotype of the cattle. The sequences obtained from genotype were aligned using Clustal W (Thompson et al., 1994) and analyzed by using MEGA 6 software (Tamura et al., 2004). Aligned sequences were analyzed for group specific SNP marker.
2.12 Statistical analysis:
2.12.1 Calculation of Gene and genotype frequencies
Gene and genotype frequencies for different casein genes under study were estimated using Popgene 32 (version1.32), microsoft Windows-based freeware for population genetic analysis (Yeh et al., 1999).
2.12.2 Association of various polymorphic variants of milk protein genes with Lactation length (LL)
Association study of various polymorphic variants of milk protein genes for lactation length data were subjected to least squares analysis of variance employing following linear model:
Yijkl = µ + Pi + Bj+Gk+(PXB)ij +(PXG)ik+(BXG)jk+(PXBXG)ijk+ eijkl
Where,
Yijkl - is the Observed value of milk yield
µ - is the population mean
Pi - is the fixed effect of parity
Bj - is the fixed effect of breed
Gk - is fixed effect of genotypes (k = 1, 2….)
(PXB)ij- is interaction effect of parity and Breed
(PXG)ik - is interaction effect of parity and genotypes
(BXG)jk - is interaction effect of Breed and genotypes
(PXBXG)ijk - is interaction effect of parity, breed and genotypes
eijkl - is random error effect
2.12.3 Testing Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium
The chi-square test (ҳ2) was employed to test the status of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the different population of four breeds of cattle (Snedecor and Cochran, 1994).
2.12.4 Regression between various traits (Milk yield and Milk composition traits) for different genotypes breeds wise.
To find out the association between the polymorphic variants/ genotypes of, β -casein genes with milk production traits like, Milk yield (MY), Daily milk yield (DMY), Protein (%), Fat (%), Lactose (%), SNF (%) and Milk density (Kg/L) in of Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle by linear regression model was employed.
The genotypic and gene frequencies of αS2-casein gene (CSN1S2)/EcoRV locus in Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle has been presented in table 26. The frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes were found to be 0.44, 0.56 and 0.00 in Malvi; 0.68, 0.32 and 0.00 in Nimari; 1.00, 0.00, and 0.00 in Sahiwal and 0.58, 0.42 and 0.00 in HF crossbred cattle, respectively. The respective gene frequency for A and B alleles were found to be 0.72 and 0.28 in Malvi; 0.84 and 0.16 in Nimari; 1.00 and 0.00 in Sahiwal and 0.79 and 0.21 in HF crossbred cattle. The frequency of A allele was found to be highest as compared to B allele in all the four breeds of cattle under the study.
During the sequence analysis of amplicon for group specific SNP marker following results was noticed:
i. Adenine base at 242 base pair site in HF Crossbred replaced by Thymine in Nimari breed of cattle of Madhya Pradesh.
ii. In HF Crossbred at 582 base position of Adenine base is replaced by Guanine in Malvi, Nimari and Sahiwal breeds of Cattle.
iii. In Malvi and HF Crossbred at 715 base position of Thymine base is replaced by Cytosine in Nimari breed and 713 base position of Thymine base in Malvi and HF Crossbred is replaced by Cytosine in Sahiwal breeds of Cattle.
ASSOCIATION STUDY:
LACTOSE (%) OF DIFFERENT VARIANTS AT αS2-CASEIN GENE (CSN1S2)/ ECORV LOCUS IN FOUR BREEDS OF CATTLE:
The analysis of variance for different genotypes of four breeds of cattle breed has been presented in Table 02. The effect of genotypes was found significant (P<0.01) for lactose (%) trait. The mean lactose per cent in the milk of Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle has been presented in Table 03.
|
Source of Variance |
DF |
MS |
F-value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Genotypes |
6 |
2.35 |
9.75** |
|
Error |
193 |
0.24 |
|
|
Total |
199 |
The effect of genotypes was found significant (P<0.01) for lactose (%) trait. The mean lactose per cent in the milk of Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle has been presented in following table.
|
Variants |
Breeds |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Malvi |
Nimari |
Sahiwal |
HF crossbred |
|
|
AA |
4.73d±0.09 (22) |
5.46ab±0.04 (31) |
5.25b±0.07 (50) |
5.35b±0.10 (29) |
|
AB |
5.02c±0.08 (28) |
5.72a±0.18 (19) |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
5.44ab±0.09 (21) |
|
BB |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
|
Overall |
4.89c±0.06 (50) |
5.56a±0.07 (50) |
5.25b±0.07 (50) |
5.39ab±0.07 (50) |
Means bearing the different superscript differ significantly (p<0.01), Numbers in the parentheses denotes number of animals
As shown in Table 03, the mean lactose per cent was significantly higher in Malvi and non-significantly higher in Nimari and HF crossbred for AB genotyped animals as compared to AA genotype. Among the different genotypes of all four breeds of cattle, higher protein per cent was recorded in Nimari (5.72±0.18) for AB genotyped animals, while it was found significantly lower in Malvi (4.73±0.09) cattle for AA genotype (Table 03).
SNF (%) OF DIFFERENT VARIANTS AT αS2-CASEIN GENE (CSN1S2) / ECORV LOCUS IN FOUR BREEDS OF CATTLE:
The analysis of variance for different genotypes of four breeds of cattle breed has been presented in Table 04. The effect of genotypes was found significant (P<0.01) for SNF (%) trait. The mean SNF per cent in the milk of Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle has been presented in Table 05.
Table 04: Analysis of variance for SNF (%) in Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF Crossbred cattle
|
Source of Variance |
DF |
MS |
F-value |
|
Genotypes |
6 |
3.53 |
5.69** |
|
Error |
193 |
0.62 |
|
|
Total |
199 |
|
|
** Highly significant (p<0.01)
Table 05: Least squares means for SNF (%) in the milk of different breeds of cattle at αS2-Casein (CSN1S2) gene
|
Variants |
Breeds |
|||
|
Malvi |
Nimari |
Sahiwal |
HF crossbred |
|
|
AA |
7.86c±0.16 (22) |
8.86a±0.15 (31) |
8.74a±0.12 (50) |
8.47ab±0.10 (29) |
|
AB |
8.17bc±0.13 (28) |
8.81a±0.23 (19) |
0.00±00 (00) |
8.63a±0.14 (21) |
|
BB |
0.00±00 (00) |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
|
Overall |
8.03b±0.11 (50) |
8.84a±0.13 (50) |
8.74a±0.12 (50) |
8.54a±0.08 (50) |
Means bearing the different superscript differ significantly (p<0.01), Numbers in the parentheses denotes number of animals
The mean SNF per cent between AA and AB was found non-significant in Malvi, Nimari and HF crossbred cattle. In Sahiwal, only AA genotype was identified with 8.74±0.12 per cent SNF. The mean SNF per cent was recorded maximum in Nimari (8.86±0.15) and minimum in Malvi (7.86±0.16) for AA genotyped animals among all the four breeds of cattle (Table 05).
DENSITY (KG/L) OF DIFFERENT VARIANTS AT ΑS2-CASEIN GENE (CSN1S2)/ ECORV LOCUS IN FOUR BREEDS OF CATTLE:
The analysis of variance for different genotypes of four breeds of cattle breed has been presented in Table 06. The effect of genotypes was found significant (P<0.01) for milk density (kg/L) trait. The mean milk density (kg/L) of Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle has been presented in Table 07.
|
Source of Variance |
DF |
MS |
F-value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Genotypes |
6 |
163.96 |
17.38** |
|
Error |
193 |
9.44 |
|
|
Total |
199 |
||
| ** Highly significant (p<0.01) | |||
|
Variants |
Breeds |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Malvi |
Nimari |
Sahiwal |
HF crossbred |
|
|
AA |
1. 03c±0.08 (22) |
1.04b±0.08 (31) |
1.03c±0.09 (50) |
1.04b±0.11 (29) |
|
AB |
1.03d±0.09 (28) |
1.05a±0.07 (19) |
00±00 (50) |
1.04b±0.06 (21) |
|
BB |
0.00±00 (00) |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
0.00±0.00 (00) |
|
Overall |
1.03c±0.09 (50) |
1.04b±0.08 (50) |
1.03b±0.09 (50) |
1.04a±0.08 (50) |
| Means bearing the different superscript differ significantly (p<0.01), Numbers in the parentheses denotes number of animals | ||||
The mean milk density (kg/L) was significantly higher for AB genotype than AA genotype of Nimari and HF crossbred of cattle. In Sahiwal, mean milk density (kg/L) was 1.03±0.09. The mean milk density (kg/L) was observed maximum in Nimari (1.05±0.07) for AB genotype and minimum in Malvi (1.03±0.08) and Sahiwal (1.03±0.09) for AA genotype animals, among all the four breeds of cattle (Table 07).
Sequence analysis of amplicon for group specific SNP marker revealed that Adenine base at 242 base pair site in HF Crossbred replaced by Thymine in Nimari breed of cattle of Madhya Pradesh, India. In HF Crossbred at 582 base position of Adenine base is replaced by Guanine in Malvi, Nimari and Sahiwal breeds of Cattle whereas in Malvi and HF Crossbred at 715 base position of Thymine base is replaced by Cytosine in Nimari breed and 713 base position of Thymine base in Malvi and HF Crossbred is replaced by Cytosine in Sahiwal breeds of Cattle.
The mean lactose per cent was significantly higher in Malvi and non-significantly higher in Nimari and HF crossbred for AB genotyped animals as compared to AA genotype. Among the different genotypes of all four breeds of cattle, higher protein per cent was recorded in Nimari (5.72±0.18) for AB genotyped animals, while it was found significantly lower in Malvi (4.73±0.09) cattle for AA genotype.
The mean SNF per cent between AA and AB was found non-significant in Malvi, Nimari and HF crossbred cattle. The mean SNF per cent was recorded maximum in Nimari (8.86±0.15) and minimum in Malvi (7.86±0.16) for AA genotyped animals, among all the four breeds of cattle. In accordance to the above findings, Szymanowska et al. (2004) showed that the AA genotype determine higher lactose and SNF per cent in Polish Black and White cattle.
The mean milk density (Kg/L) was significantly higher for AB genotype than AA genotype of Malvi and HF crossbred cattle. In Sahiwal, mean milk density (Kg/L) was 1.33±0.09. The mean milk density per cent was observed maximum in Nimari (1.05±0.07) for AB genotype in Malvi among all the genotypes of all the four breeds of cattle.
In last to conclude PCR-RFLP analysis of αs2-Cn gene (1267bp) with EcoRV RE revealed two genotypes viz., AA (1267/1267bp) and AB (1267/1150/117bp) in Malvi, Nimari and HF crossbred animals, whereas, only AA (1267/1267 bp) genotype was observed Sahiwal cattle. All the screened animals of Sahiwal were found monomorphic at αs2-Cn/EcoRV gene locus.The tested animals of Sahiwal were found monomorphic at this locus. The genotypic and gene frequencies of αS2-casein gene (CSN1S2)/EcoRV locus pattern in Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle has been showed that the frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes were found to be 0.44, 0.56 and 0.00 in Malvi; 0.68, 0.32 and 0.00 in Nimari; 1.00, 0.00, and 0.00 in Sahiwal and 0.58, 0.42 and 0.00 in HF crossbred cattle, respectively. The frequency of A allele was found to be highest as compared to B allele in all the four breeds of cattle under the study
Association study of different genotypes with milk composition traits revealed that the mean lactose per cent was significantly higher in Malvi and non-significantly higher in Nimari and HF crossbred for AB genotyped animals as compared to AA genotype. The mean SNF per cent between AA and AB was found non-significant in Malvi, Nimari and HF crossbred cattle. The mean milk density (kg/L) was significantly higher for AB genotype than AA genotype of Nimari and HF crossbred of cattle. The mean milk density (kg/L) was observed maximum in Nimari for AB genotype and minimum in Malvi and Sahiwal for AA genotype animals, among all the four breeds of cattle.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful to our esteemed university NDVSU, Jabalpur (M.P.) for providing necessary facilities during entire research work. The Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Jabalpur Cattle breeding farm Khargone and Aagar of M.P are gratefully acknowledged for providing help during sample and data collection.
Funding
No funding to declare.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethics approval
All animal studies have been approved by the appropriate ethics committee and have therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards.
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Availability of data and material
The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
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Authors' contributions
Both the Authors are involved in the conducting research, result interpretations, statistical analysis and paper writing.
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