Depending on the attained dynamics and transition state, atoms develop different tiny-sized particles [3]. To develop a mono layer tiny-shaped particle, solid atoms gather in the compact monolayer assembly [4]. A structure evolution in atoms of the suitable elements has been discussed, where confined interstate electron dynamics involves conservative forces [5]. At different chamber pressures, carbon films were synthesized having discernable features of their morphology and structure [15]. Incompatible working energy and forced behaviors of gaseous and solid atoms develop hard coating [18]. These studies show that atoms possess different energy and force behaviors.
Atomic structure of the carbon atom in different allotropic forms was discussed [1]; a lattice or energy-knot-net in each allotropic form of the carbon atom remained the same. A lattice of carbon atom constructed by the overt photons having suitable length and number was also discussed in the study. Overt photons are the subsets of the main stream photons [6]. Atoms do not ionize; they modify to elongate or deform under the solid state; they split under the inert state and they squeeze under the gaseous state [2]. This indicates that the centre of an atom of any element does not involve mass of the electron, so the centre of atom should be at the point of intercrossed overt photons.
In the formation of lattice belonging to any atom, overt photons having appropriate lengths and numbers intercrossed by keeping the centre of their lengths at a common point. The force and energy of intercrossed overt photons should remain actual, constructing energy knots of filled and unfilled states of the atom.
Overt photons in suitable lengths design the filled and unfilled states of different atoms. Overt photons construct filled and unfilled states of energy knots as per the requirement of the atoms. In this way, atoms of different elements differentiate from each other. Intercrossing overt photons to construct lattice of the atom (in any element) is in such a manner that energy knots clamp positioned electrons. In the atoms of gaseous, semisolid and solid elements, the scheme of intercrossing overt photons becomes different.
Excluding hydrogen atom, addition of two more electrons in the central ring of any atom is required to form the zeroth ring. Atoms are already known to have first shell, which has occupied two electrons. However, the first shell is a zeroth ring, which needs four electrons in the present case. Therefore, an atom requires two more electrons to form the zeroth ring. The zeroth ring can be termed as nucleus. When no electron is available for empty energy knot, it is referred to as unfilled state. The number of unfilled state indicates the valency of atom. When the surface force is exerted to the electrons of solid atom at the appropriate level of ground surface, energy knots clamped electrons are stretched along both sides (east-west poles) from the centre [2].
Atoms consist of electrons clamping having sizeable energy knots. Excluding the atoms of inert behavior elements, atoms of different elements also possess the unfilled states. A least measured length overt photon is formed by the length of two ‘unit photons’, where each unit photon has a shape like ‘Gaussian distribution of turned ends’. When two least measured length overt photons intercross, they construct a knot through intercrossing. Hence, a shape of a tilted digit ‘eight’ is formed, which is related to the lattice of hydrogen atom. The intercrossing of two shapes of tilted digit ‘eight’ forms the molecular hydrogen, where number of electrons becomes equal to number of electrons in helium atom. However, a helium atom contains four electrons under the originally built-in lattice of energy knots instead of separately intercrossed two shapes of tilted digit ‘eight’. In the lattice of helium atom, two shapes of digit ‘eight’ are formed on intercrossing four overt photons having the least measured lengths.
Following the zeroth ring, atoms contain either first ring, second ring and so on. In this way, arrangement of electrons in the available rings (of different atoms) other than the zeroth rings is in the same manner as previously mentioned. Nevertheless, two more electrons are added to shape the zeroth ring in atoms of all elements except hydrogen. In addition to two more filled states in the zeroth ring, a net of energy knots in atom of any element follows the same description of filled and unfilled states as mentioned previously except hydrogen element. In atoms of various elements other than hydrogen element, the central four filled state electrons form the zeroth ring.
Two overt photons of the least measured length form a tilted digit ‘eight’ as shown in Figure 1 (a). The electronic configuration of hydrogen atom, hydrogen molecule and helium atom are displayed in Figure 1 (b), (c) and (d), respectively. When two photons of the least measured lengths intercrossed, they form a shape of tilted digit ‘eight’, which is the lattice of hydrogen atom as shown in Figure 1 (a). Electrons of the tiniest mass trapped in the empty spaces formed by the energy knots (black and green ones) are shown in Figure 1 (b). Two hydrogen atoms overlap to form the molecular hydrogen as shown in Figure 1 (c). The structure of helium atom is shown in Figure 1 (d).
Atoms of some elements can keep empty spaces left at the outer ends of constituted chains. In an atom, terminated ends of chains are related to the outer ring. An empty space is exactly the size of electron. For example, an argon atom might have eight empty spaces in the outer ring in addition to eight filled states as indicated by the arrows in Figure 2. These eight empty spaces might not be related to unfilled states. Here, to build shorter chains of states for each case, intercrossed overt photons construct a chain of states having length which is short by a unit photon at both ends. The presented observation justifies the sketched model of argon atom displayed in Figure 2.
The structure of lithium atom is shown in Figure 3. The zeroth ring is related to nucleus. The outer ring is related to the first ring, which is also displayed in Figure 3. In Figure 3, lithium atom has a large volume to store energy as arrowed in the regions labelled by 1, 2, 3 and 4. Due to this capacity of storing energy, the structure of lithium is considered quite suitable for energy storage. The lithium atom contains two chains of states as labeled in Figure 3.
An atom describing valency involves both filled and unfilled states in the outer ring. However to execute interstate electron dynamics, either non-confined [1] or confined [5], an atom requires a suitable position of its filled and unfilled states in the outer ring. Inert gas atoms neither undertake confined nor non-confined electron dynamics. Further investigation is required to understand the nature of atoms belonging to elements of inert behavior. A carbon atom remains in gaseous state, semisolid state or solid state depending on the position of electrons and unfilled states in the outer ring. By changing the position of an electron in the nearby suitable unfilled state, a carbon atom gets converted into another state [1]. The present unfilled states or empty energy knots in the outer rings of different atoms are according to the prescribed numbers of electrons and valency. In hydrogen atom, one more electron is required to fill the second state of electron. The hydrogen atom does not contain the zeroth ring due to the presence of two electrons in total. The zeroth ring of an atom in all elements can be termed as nucleus. In this way, helium atom is only related to the zeroth ring having no further ring.
The centre of the atom is located at the center of length of each intercrossed overt photon. Therefore, the electrons have more than half of the mass (length) to the upward sides (along the north pole) from the mid of the occupied energy knots, and atoms behave in the gaseous state. In the gaseous atom, energy knots clamped electrons undertake contraction as per potential energy of the electrons. Nonetheless, the electrons have more than half of the mass (length) to the downward sides (along the south pole) from the mid of the occupied energy knots, and atoms behave in the solid state. In the solid atom, energy knots clamped electrons undertake stretching as per potential energy of the electrons.
In the original gaseous state, atom keeps the ground point in space format by obeying the original energy and force. When an atom is converted from gaseous state to liquid state, it gains transitional energy (ET), increasing the level of energy. Electrons decrease the levitational force (FL) exerting along the relevant poles. In this way, electrons of the atom increase potential energy to undertake liquid state, so ground point of the atom reaches near the ground surface. If the liquid state atom gets restored to the original gaseous state, the gained ‘ET’ is released. (By occupying the energy knots, electrons can tilt to upward under the self-restoration, so the ‘ET’ is in the absorbing manner.) In this way, atom achieves the original state under required increasing ‘FL’ exerting along the relevant poles of electrons. This is an inversely proportional relationship of ‘ET’ and ‘FL’. A generalized relationship in gaseous atoms is shown in Figure 4 (a).
In the conversion of a gaseous atom from original state to liquid state, ‘ET’ is gained by the atom which is inversely proportional to engaging ‘FL’ exerted at the electron level and is indicated in equation (1).
ET α 1/ FL or ET = Le × 1/ FL … (1)
Electrons of the gaseous atoms deal with the low potential energy. ‘Le’ indicates the number of electrons in a gaseous atom. ‘Le’ is different for atoms of different gaseous elements, but, ‘Le’ is constant for atoms of the same element in equation (1). The chemical activity of transitional gaseous atoms introduces different chemical reactivity. Both energy and force behaviors change in the transition state of the gaseous atom.
When an atom of solid behavior is converted into liquid state, ‘ET’ absorbs positioned electrons in the required orientation. Thus, electrons minimize potential energy dealing with solid atom in negative functioning. A gravitational force (FG) exerting along the relevant poles of electrons decrease, so tilting of the electrons is upward. Electrons of the atom taking liquid state minimize potential energy to tilt upward under infinitesimal displacements. In the course of taking infinitesimal displacements, electrons remain within their occupied energy knots. When the liquid behavior atom gets restored to the original (solid) behavior, the equal amount of energy in the sense of gaining manner is involved to attain original ground point. Thus, atom deals with the positive work. Hence, the solid atoms dealing with the liquid states is in a direct relationship between ‘ET’ and ‘FG’ as sketched in Figure 4 (b).
In the conversion of a solid atom from original state to liquid state, ‘ET’ absorbed the atom and is directly proportional to engaging ‘FG’ exerting at the electron level as indicated in equation (2).
ET α FG or ET = Ge × FG … (2)
Electrons of solid atoms deal with high potential energy. ‘Ge’ indicates the number of electrons in a solid atom. ‘Ge’ is different for atoms of different solid elements. Thus, ‘Ge’ is constant for atoms of the same element in equation (2). Chemical activity of transitional solid atoms introduces different chemical reactivity. Energy and force behaviors are changed in each established transitional behavior of the solid atom.
In Figure 5, the electrons of the hypothesized gaseous atom depict different transitional behaviors as per tilting: only left-positioned and right-positioned electron to the centre of atom are considered. In the original gaseous state atom, left-positioned electron keeps orientation along 40°, which is on the left side to normal line drawn from the center as shown in Figure 5 (a); right-positioned electron also keeps orientation along 40°, which is on the right side to normal line drawn from the center. For the recovery state, left-positioned electron keeps orientation along 20°, which is on the left side to normal line drawn from the center as shown in Figure 5 (b); right-positioned electron also keeps orientation along 20°, which is on the right side to normal line drawn from the center. For the neutral state, left-positioned electron keeps orientation along 5°, which is on the left side to normal line drawn from the center as shown in Figure 5 (c); right-positioned electron also keeps orientation along 5°, which is on the right side to normal line drawn from the center. For the re-crystallization and liquid states, left-positioned electrons keep orientations along 25° and 50°, respectively, which are on the right sides to normal lines drawn from the centers as shown in Figure 5 (d) and Figure 5 (e), respectively; right-positioned electrons also keep orientations along 25° and 50°, respectively, which are on the left sides to normal lines drawn from the centers. Degrees related to orientations of electrons are in approximate number.
In Figure 6, the electrons of the hypothesized solid atom depict transitional behaviors as per tilting; only left-positioned and right-positioned electron to the centre of atom are considered. Electrons of the solid atoms deal with the same degree of orientation undertaking different transition states as in the case of gaseous atoms, but along the south poles as discussed in the section of Supplementary Information.
Electrons do cross projected lines from the normal lines to the centers in the course of re-crystallization and liquid states; however, they do not cross projected poles of atoms. This is shown in Figure 5 for the case of gaseous atom and in Figure 6 for the case of solid atom. The centers of the hypothesized gaseous atom and solid atom are also shown in Figures 5 and 6. Poles (axes) of left-positioned and right-positioned electrons (to the center of atom) in both hypothesized gaseous atom and solid atom for neutral states are labeled in Figure 5 and Figure 6, respectively. In both hypothesized gaseous and solid atoms, the origin of reference of left-positioned electron (to the center of atom) is different from the origin of reference of right-positioned electron (to the center of atom). In the original gaseous atom and solid atom, both left-positioned and right-positioned electrons (to the center of atom) keep orientating towards the north from the upward sides and towards the south from the downward sides, respectively. In both gaseous and solid atoms, electrons change the features of occupied energy knots depending on the orientational force and potential energy. In Figures 5 and 6, electrons do not show clamping energy knots and the tilting in different transition states is symbolically shown by the curved arrows.
A left-positioned electron and right-positioned electron to the centre of hypothesized gaseous atom deal with clockwise and anti-clockwise tilting, respectively, while undertaking different transition states. A left-positioned electron and right-positioned electron to the centre of hypothesized solid atom deal with anti-clockwise and clockwise tilting, respectively, while undertaking different transition states. Transitional behaviors of the atoms are being controlled from the centers. Different orientations of electrons resulted under the correspondence of external environment are also being accommodated from the centers of the atoms. In gaseous and solid atoms, a zone related to the exerting impartial force at the electron level is discussed elsewhere [5].
In an atom, a state of electron is related to unfilled state and a state of valency is related to unfilled state. States of electrons (filled states) and valency (unfilled states) are referred to atoms of gaseous, semisolid and solid states in the same way. However, nets of energy knots constructed by the intercrossing of overt photons in atoms of gaseous states clamp electrons from the downward sides. In the atoms of solid states, nets of energy knots are constructed by the intercrossing of overt photons clamp electrons from the upward sides. Hence, in the atoms of semisolid states, nets of energy knots are constructed by the intercrossing of overt photons clamp electrons of laterally-orientated position from the centers (mid). Therefore, the formation of schemes of lattices in atoms of gaseous, semisolid and solid states is different, but atoms keep the conserved amounts of force and energy in the original format of ground points – gaseous atoms in the space format, semisolid atoms in the surface format, and solid atoms in the grounded format.
In the transition state, either in gaseous atom or in solid atom, electrons deal with infinitesimal displacements by remaining within the occupied energy knots. For this reason, the relation of energy and force in atoms of gaseous and solid states has been discussed above. A gaseous or solid atom undergoes liquid state by varying the potential energy of comprised electrons, where electrons remain clamped by the respective energy knots. For gaseous atoms in liquid state, infinitesimal displacements of electrons undergo to downward sides, where the lengths (of electrons) become nearly halfway to mid of the occupied energy knots. For solid atoms in liquid state, infinitesimal displacements of electrons undergo to upward sides, where the lengths (of electrons) also become nearly halfway to mid of the occupied energy knots.
The formation of atoms of different elements is in the zones allocated for them. An electron is not discussed in the context of negative charge, but it is discussed as a particle. The particles of smallest sizes make the electronic structure of atom. An electron of any atom is the smallest unit of concrete mass. It forms the basis of atom in terms of the exerting forces, i.e., gravitation, levitation and surface.
In the formation of certain natured atoms, some of the energy knots neither work for filled states nor for unfilled states, which remain folded by neighboring chains of energy knots. Folded energy knots in different chains are shown in the atomic structure of titanium [18]. The trapping and capturing of pieces of electron are particularly in the regions of zeroth rings belonging to atoms of suitable elements. Many overt photons intercrossed (by keeping centers at a common point) under a particular scheme to construct a required number of chains (of states) in an atom. However, only four electrons (of complete shape and size) in an atom are eligible to settle in the zeroth ring. Particles of the fractional sizes of an electron may be captured by the folded energy knots not working for filled states and unfilled states in certain behavior atoms. This kind of work can be studied in different branches of physics. The broken pieces of matter though smaller in size to electron can further diversify particle physics and neutrino physics.
Electrons of suitable atoms undertake (non-stop) infinitesimal displacements within the occupied energy knots (where atoms do not deal with elongation or deformation); they can generate radiations of different types rather than photons. (When the required amount of heat energy was available, a unit photon is generated by the forward direction cycle or reverse direction cycle of confined interstate electron dynamics of silicon atom [6].) When solid atoms deal with the transition states and electrons remain restricted by the occupied energy knots under the heat energy of tits and bits, they cannot deal with the elastically-driven electronic states. In this way under plastically-driven electronic states, solid atoms keep elongation or deformation originating the science of condensed matter [19]. This is also the case in arrays of solid atoms as they convert into the structures of smooth elements [4].
To clamp the tiniest masses called electrons, the net of energy knots is required to form an atom as discussed above. Formation of the highly purified form of matter in the smallest shape is an unprecedented phenomenon of nature. Formation of the tiniest matter and nets of energy knots to shape atoms requires a suitable environment, so the formation of atoms locates a suitable environment to reveal the features. The characteristics of atoms for each element are different, which can be categorized in already named classes such as gaseous atoms, semisolid atoms and solid atoms. Hence, atoms of any element grow in their respective environment. Naturally, this is according to the conditions that are required to grow atoms of a distinct nature. Construction of energy knots and their clamping to electrons are one of the most extra-ordinary processes. Hence, atoms of different elements grow at suitable places or zones of the exerting forces.
Atoms of gaseous states grow in their respective environment which can be in different zones of space, so astronomers, environmentalists, chemists, space scientists and those working in the allied areas can look into the nature of growing atoms. Atoms of semisolid states grow at ground level, so electrical engineers, earth scientists, physicists, environmentalists and those working in the allied areas can look into the nature of growing atoms. Atoms of solid behaviors grow below the ground surface, so metallurgists, geologists, chemical engineers, chemists, paleontologists and those working in the allied areas can look into the nature of growing atoms.
Different behaviors of atoms discussed here offer new insights. Atoms start functioning for the possible transition states while dealing with the varying energy and force. The presented scheme of atoms allows one to develop atoms with different lattices and electrons, so it works for a new diversity of matter. This study deals with the general discussions, such as incremental changes that depend on the schemes of intercrossing photons, filled and unfilled states, orientation force, potential energy of electrons and distribution of the electrons in atom. Hence, there is a room for further discussion and investigation that may lead to attest sustainable utilization of resources.